10999nam 2200541 450 991048560550332120220327075334.03-030-25995-1(CKB)5590000000503277(MiAaPQ)EBC6675948(Au-PeEL)EBL6675948(OCoLC)1257550004(PPN)258304251(EXLCZ)99559000000050327720220327d2021 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierEnergy management and energy efficiency in industry practical examples /Durmuş Kaya, Fatma Çanka Kiliç, Hasan Hüseyin ÖztürkCham, Switzerland :Springer,[2021]©20211 online resource (533 pages)Green Energy and Technology3-030-25994-3 Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 Energy -- 1.1 Energy -- 1.2 Types of Energy -- 1.2.1 Mechanical Energy -- 1.2.2 Heat Energy -- 1.2.3 Chemical Energy -- 1.3 Energy Resources -- 1.3.1 Fossil Energy Resources -- 1.3.2 Renewable Energy Resources -- References -- 2 Energy Management -- 2.1 Energy Manager -- 2.2 Energy Management Policy -- 2.2.1 Goals of the Energy Management Policy -- 2.2.2 Characteristics of Energy Management Policy -- 2.3 Energy Management Program -- 2.4 Energy Management Method -- 2.5 Energy Management System -- 2.5.1 ISO 50001 Energy Management System -- References -- 3 Energy Audit -- 3.1 The Aims of Energy Audit -- 3.2 Businesses that Need to Conduct Energy Audits -- 3.3 Energy Audit Levels -- 3.4 Energy Audit Profiles -- 3.5 Steps of Energy Audit -- 3.5.1 The Preliminary Audit -- 3.5.2 The Preliminary Audit Briefing -- 3.5.3 The Detailed Audit -- 3.5.4 Reporting -- 3.6 Energy Audit Measurements -- 3.7 Preparation of an Energy Audit Report -- 3.7.1 Purpose of the Energy Audit -- 3.7.2 The Energy Audit -- 3.7.3 Energy Audit Steps -- 3.7.4 The Method of the Energy Audit -- 3.7.5 Preparation of the Energy Audit -- 3.7.6 The Energy Audit Team -- 3.7.7 Energy Audit Instruments -- 3.7.8 The Energy Audit Report -- 3.8 Energy Audit Examples -- 3.8.1 Steam System -- 3.8.2 The Mass Balance Calculation -- 3.8.3 Steam Quality -- 3.8.4 Calculation of the Blowdown Amount in Boilers -- 3.8.5 Feeding Water and Properties -- 3.8.6 Calculation of the Steam Cost -- References -- 4 Energy Efficiency -- 4.1 The Measures for Energy Efficiency -- 4.2 Definitions for Energy Efficiency -- 4.3 Energy Intensity -- 4.3.1 Primary and Final Energy Intensity -- 4.3.2 Average Yearly Rate of Improvement in Primary Energy Intensity (As in %) -- 4.3.3 Industry Energy Intensity.4.3.4 Services Energy Intensity -- 4.3.5 Agriculture Energy Intensity -- 4.3.6 Passenger Transport Energy Intensity -- 4.3.7 Freight Transport Energy Intensity -- 4.3.8 Residential Energy Intensity -- 4.3.9 Energy Intensity of the Countries -- 4.4 Energy Use and Energy Efficiency in the World Countries -- 4.4.1 Overall Assessment -- 4.4.2 Energy Efficiency -- References -- 5 Energy Performance Certificate -- 5.1 Energy Performance Assessment -- 5.2 Content of the Energy Identity Certificate -- 5.3 Preparation of the Energy Identity Certificate -- 5.4 Use of the Energy Identity Certificate -- 5.5 Energy Label -- References -- 6 Energy Efficiency Services Sector -- 6.1 Energy Service Companies (ESCOs) -- 6.1.1 Energy Efficiency Services -- 6.1.2 Energy Efficiency Service Models -- 6.2 The Required Qualifications for the Measurements in ESCOs -- References -- 7 Measurement Techniques and Instruments -- 7.1 Measurement Techniques -- 7.2 The Quantities to Be Measured -- 7.3 Measurement Methods -- 7.3.1 Direct Measurement -- 7.3.2 Indirect Measurement -- 7.3.3 Absolute Measurement -- 7.3.4 Comparative Measurement -- 7.4 The Properties of the Measurement Systems -- 7.4.1 Error -- 7.4.2 Accuracy -- 7.4.3 Precision -- 7.4.4 Repeatability -- 7.4.5 Measurement Uncertainty -- 7.4.6 Calibration -- 7.5 Measurement Instruments -- 7.5.1 Electrical Measuring Instruments -- 7.5.2 Force Measurement -- 7.5.3 Pressure Measurement -- 7.5.4 Flow Rate Measurement -- 7.5.5 Velocity Measurement -- 7.5.6 Temperature Measurement -- 7.5.7 Radiation Measurement -- 7.5.8 Analysis of Flue Gases -- References -- 8 Fuels and Combustion -- 8.1 Types of Fuel -- 8.1.1 Fossil Fuels -- 8.1.2 Biofuels -- 8.1.3 Heating (Calorific) Value of Fuels -- 8.2 Combustion -- 8.2.1 Combustion Reaction -- 8.2.2 Types of Combustion -- 8.2.3 Incomplete Combustion Losses.8.2.4 Calculation of Combustion -- 8.2.5 Flame -- References -- 9 Energy Efficiency in Boilers -- 9.1 Boiler Selection -- 9.2 Determination of Boiler Efficiency -- 9.3 Factors Affecting Boiler Efficiency -- 9.3.1 Incomplete Combustion -- 9.3.2 Air/Fuel Ratio -- 9.3.3 Heat Losses from the Flue Gasses -- 9.3.4 Flue Gas Temperature -- 9.3.5 Heat Losses from the Stack -- 9.3.6 Fuel Type -- 9.3.7 Burner Type -- 9.3.8 Boiler Load -- 9.3.9 Heat Losses from Boiler Surface -- 9.3.10 Heater Surface Cleaning -- 9.4 Flue Gas Analysis -- 9.4.1 Oxygen -- 9.4.2 Carbon Dioxide -- 9.4.3 Carbon Monoxide -- 9.4.4 Sulfur Dioxide -- 9.4.5 Nitrogen Oxides -- 9.4.6 Temperature of the Flue Gas -- 9.4.7 Combustion Efficiency -- 9.5 Case Study on Energy Efficiency in Boilers -- 9.5.1 Steam Boiler Number 1 -- 9.5.2 Steam Boiler Number 2 -- 9.5.3 Heat Energy Saving -- 9.6 An Example of Energy Efficiency in Boiler Fans -- 9.6.1 Fan Fluid Power Calculation -- 9.6.2 Investments and Payback Periods -- 9.6.3 Energy Saving in Fans -- 9.7 Better Operation of Boilers -- 9.7.1 Heat Recovery from Flue Gases -- 9.7.2 Improvement of Liquid Fueled Boiler Efficiency -- 9.7.3 Improvement of Gas-Fired Boiler Efficiencies -- 9.7.4 Improvement of Coal-Fired Boiler Efficiencies -- 9.7.5 Better Operation of Boilers -- References -- 10 Energy Efficiency in Furnaces -- 10.1 Thermal Efficiency in Furnaces and the Factors that Affecting Efficiency -- 10.1.1 Thermal Efficiency in Furnaces -- 10.1.2 Factors Affecting the Efficiency in Furnaces -- 10.2 Combustion in Furnaces -- 10.2.1 Theoretical Principles -- 10.2.2 Energy Equivalence -- 10.3 Energy Saving in Metal Melting Process -- 10.4 Case Study for Energy Survey in Furnaces -- 10.4.1 Measurement Methods and Measuring Instruments -- 10.4.2 Evaluation of Measurement and Calculation Results -- 10.4.3 Potential Saving Areas -- References.11 Energy Efficiency in Pumps -- 11.1 Types of Pump -- 11.1.1 Centrifugal Pump -- 11.1.2 Axial Pump -- 11.2 Energy Efficiency in Pump Usage -- 11.2.1 Efficiency in Pump Design -- 11.2.2 Efficiency in Pump Use -- 11.3 Case Study on Energy Efficiency of Pumps -- 11.3.1 Introduction to Measured Pumps and Systems -- 11.3.2 Measurement Methods and Measurement Results -- 11.3.3 Mechanical Measurements -- 11.3.4 Loading and Efficiency of Electric Motors -- 11.3.5 Potential Savings and Suggestions -- References -- 12 Energy Efficiency in Electric Motors -- 12.1 Asynchronous Motors -- 12.2 Energy Saving in Electric Motors -- 12.3 Motor Load Characteristics -- 12.3.1 Variable Torque-Speed Characteristics Load -- 12.3.2 Constant Torque-Speed Characteristics Load -- 12.4 Driver Selection for Asynchronous Motor -- 12.5 High-Efficient Motor Use -- 12.5.1 An Example of High-Efficiency Motor Application -- 12.6 Using Frequency Converters in Asynchronous Motors -- 12.6.1 Frequency Converter -- 12.7 Replacement of Low Load Motors -- 12.8 Correction of Power Factor in Electric Motors -- 12.8.1 Reduction of Idle Running Time in Electric Motors -- References -- 13 Energy Efficiency in Compressed Air Systems -- 13.1 Basic Equipment of Compressed Air Systems -- 13.1.1 Compressors -- 13.1.2 Types of Compressors -- 13.1.3 Compressor Control Systems -- 13.2 Low-Pressure Use -- 13.3 Prevention of Air Leaks -- 13.3.1 Detection of Air Leaks -- 13.3.2 Energy Losses Due to Air Leaks -- 13.4 Reduction of Compressor Outlet Pressure -- 13.5 Taking Compressor Suction Air from Outside -- 13.6 Use of Compressor Cooling Air -- 13.7 Compressed Air Flow Control and Energy Economy -- 13.8 Closing of Compressors and Main Valves -- 13.9 Recommendations for the Operation of Compressors -- References -- 14 Energy Efficiency in Fans -- 14.1 Fan Laws.14.2 Flow Control Systems and Energy Economics -- 14.2.1 Damper-Controlled Systems -- 14.2.2 Speed-Controlled Systems -- 14.3 Fan Selection -- References -- 15 Energy Saving with Variable Speed Driver Applications -- 15.1 Variable Speed Drive Systems -- 15.1.1 Variable Frequency Drive -- 15.2 Application in Air-Conditioning Rooms -- 15.2.1 Payback Period -- 15.2.2 Motor Driver Use in Twisting Room -- References -- 16 Energy Saving with Heat Insulation -- 16.1 The Aim of Heat (Thermal) Insulation -- 16.2 Benefits of Thermal Insulation -- 16.3 Heat (Thermal) Insulating Materials -- 16.3.1 Glass Wool -- 16.3.2 Rock Wool -- 16.3.3 Expanded Polystyrene Sheet -- 16.3.4 Extruded Polystyrene Sheet -- 16.3.5 Glass Foam -- 16.3.6 Calcium Silicate -- 16.3.7 Melamine Foam -- 16.3.8 PVC Foam -- 16.3.9 Polyethylene Foam -- 16.3.10 Elastomeric Rubber Foam -- 16.3.11 Polyurethane Foam -- 16.3.12 Ceramic Wool -- 16.3.13 Vermiculite -- 16.3.14 Elastomeric Rubber -- 16.3.15 Plastic Pipe and Sheet Insulation Materials -- 16.3.16 Fiber Insulation Materials -- 16.4 Energy Saving by Insulating Hot Surfaces -- References -- 17 Waste Heat Recovery -- 17.1 Heat Exchangers -- 17.1.1 Tubular Heat Exchanger -- 17.1.2 Plate Heat Exchanger -- 17.1.3 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger -- 17.2 Energy Saving in Air-Conditioning Systems -- 17.3 Heating of Combustion Air -- 17.4 Heat Recovery from Contaminated Fluid -- 17.5 Waste Heat Recovery Application -- 17.5.1 Waste Heat Saving Potential -- References -- 18 Energy Efficiency in Water Heating-Distribution-Pressurizing Systems -- 18.1 Energy Efficiency in Water Heating Systems -- 18.1.1 Potable Water Temperature -- 18.1.2 Energy-Saving Measures -- 18.1.3 Selection of the Boiler -- 18.2 Water Distribution Systems -- 18.3 Water Pressurization Systems -- References -- 19 Energy Efficiency in Illumination (Lighting).19.1 Energy Saving in Lighting.Green energy and technology.IndustriesEnergy conservationEnergy consumptionIndustriesEnergy conservation.Energy consumption.658.26Kaya Durmuş859905Kiliç Fatma ÇankaÖztürk Hasan HüseyinMiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910485605503321Energy Management and Energy Efficiency in Industry1918823UNINA01435nam 2200373 n 450 99638672930331620221108102515.0(CKB)1000000000616197(EEBO)2264176069(UnM)99849319(EXLCZ)99100000000061619719920130d1640 uy |engurbn||||a|bb|Certaine considerations touching the better pacification, and edification of the Church of England[electronic resource] Dedicated to his most Excellent Majesty[London] Printed, [by E[lizabeth] Purslowe, at the Eliot's Court Press]MDC.XXXX. [1640][44] pBy Francis Bacon.Printer's name from STC; printer's address from NUC Pre-1956.In title: 'Pacification'.Running title reads: Certaine considerations touching the Church of England.Signatures: A-F⁴ (-A1, F4, blank?).Reproduction of the original in Union Theological Seminary (New York, N.Y). Library.eebo-0160Bacon Francis1561-1626.159133Cu-RivESCu-RivESUk-ESCStRLINWaOLNBOOK996386729303316Certaine considerations touching the better pacification, and edification of the Church of England2321131UNISA01185nam0 22002771i 450 UON0031531820231205104115.520080916d1971 |0itac50 barusSU|||| 1||||Privlecenie k ugolovnoj otvetstvennostiZakonnost' i obosnovannost'Lidija Mihajlovna KarneevaMoskva : Juridiceskaja literatura1971131 p.20 cmSul front.: Vsesojuznyj institut po izuceniju pricin i razrabotke mer preduprezdenija prestupnosti.UNIONE SOVIETICACRIMINOLOGIAUONC069392FIUnione SovieticaDiritto penaleUONC035410FIRUMoskvaUONL003152KARNEEVALidija MihajlovnaUONV180043697832Juridičeskaja literaturaUONV266013650ITSOL20250627RICASIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOUONSIUON00315318SIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOSI NAPOLITANO 0722 SI SG 1969 5 0722 Privlecenie k ugolovnoj otvetstvennosti1373822UNIOR05461nam 22005775 450 991025400280332120200705015621.03-319-55693-210.1007/978-3-319-55693-2(CKB)3710000001364154(DE-He213)978-3-319-55693-2(MiAaPQ)EBC4855857(PPN)201473429(EXLCZ)99371000000136415420170506d2017 u| 0engurnn|008mamaatxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierFrom Network Structure to Policy Design in Water Protection A Comparative Perspective on Micropollutants in the Rhine River Riparian Countries /by Florence Metz1st ed. 2017.Cham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2017.1 online resource (XXVI, 317 p. 10 illus.) Springer Water,2364-69343-319-55692-4 Includes bibliographical references.Chapter 1. Introduction -- Chapter 2. Theory -- Chapter 3. Case selection -- Chapter 4. Research design and methods -- Chapter 5. Results -- Chapter 6. Discussion: Can policy networks explain some part of the variance of policy design? -- Chapter 7. Conclusion.The book examines a new concern in water quality policy, namely aquatic micropollutants. Micropollutants are chemicals detected in small concentrations in waterbodies today, originating from pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, or detergents, among others. Since the regulation of micropollutants is a fairly new issue, it has been largely neglected in social sciences. However, the search for appropriate solutions is of high political relevance at both the national and international levels, with many open questions arising that concern the most adequate governance structures and steering mechanisms. Solutions suitable for classical, macro-pollutants, such as nutrients, do not necessarily apply to micropollutants because of the diversity of compounds and sources, and for technical, financial, and societal reasons. The book addresses this knowledge gap by investigating the steering mechanisms at hand and their prospect for problem solving. In this regard, the research provides a systematic depiction and comparison of policy designs in place for the reduction of micropollutants in the Rhine basin. Moreover, the study yields insights into the governance structures in place, into actors’ responsibilities and constellations, and policy processes regarding micropollutants. The study is furthermore embedded into broader theoretical questions of policy research. More precisely, this research is a contribution to policy analysis that aims to achieve more optimal policy results by providing for a better understanding of the nature of policy designs and the social mechanisms behind the choice of them. Despite the intrinsic aim of policy analysis at contributing to more optimal policy outcomes, there remains a lack of research regarding analytical tools that enable an ex-ante assessment of policy designs’ problem-solving abilities. To explore such a research path, this book proposes a novel index of policy comprehensiveness for quantifying the prospective performance of policy designs in alleviating an underlying policy issue, e.g. reducing pollutants in waters. Furthermore, the book uncovers the social mechanisms behind policymaking and turns to the question: In which social settings is it possible to achieve a comprehensive policy design? Compared to purely micro-level explanations, the advantage of the network approach is that it goes beyond the mere aggregation of policy actors’ attributes by taking into consideration actors’ interdependencies. In order to take the network approach seriously, the study systematically links the structure of a policy network with comprehensive policy designs. Network concepts, such as coalition structure, interconnectedness, and belief similarity, are employed from policy change research here in order to explore the link between structural network characteristics and comprehensive policy design. By studying how network structures affect policy design, the book critically examines the explanatory value of the network approach.Springer Water,2364-6934Environmental policyWaterWaterPollutionEnvironmental Policyhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/X33040Water, generalhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/200000Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollutionhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/U35040Environmental policy.Water.WaterPollution.Environmental Policy.Water, general.Waste Water Technology / Water Pollution Control / Water Management / Aquatic Pollution.333.91Metz Florenceauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut1065008MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910254002803321From Network Structure to Policy Design in Water Protection2542229UNINA12764nam 2200781 a 450 991097371610332120251116140441.097866102116169781280211614128021161X9780309588409030958840597805850373940585037396(CKB)110986584751206(OCoLC)666937076(CaPaEBR)ebrary10072116(SSID)ssj0000254310(PQKBManifestationID)11218729(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000254310(PQKBWorkID)10208599(PQKB)10036561(MiAaPQ)EBC3377789(Au-PeEL)EBL3377789(CaPaEBR)ebr10072116(CaONFJC)MIL21161(OCoLC)923273123(Perlego)4738861(BIP)1553807(EXLCZ)9911098658475120619920924d1993 ua 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrSustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics /Committee on Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics, Board on Agriculture and Board on Science and Technology for International Development, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19931 online resource (720 p.) Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph9780309047494 0309047498 Includes bibliographical references and index.Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the HUMID TROPICS -- Copyright -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- FINDINGS -- LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT: A GLOBAL REQUIREMENT -- THE HUMID TROPICS -- Forest Conversion -- CAUSES OF FOREST CONVERSION -- CONSEQUENCES OF FOREST CONVERSION -- Agriculture in the Humid Tropics -- Adopting an Integrated Approach to Land Use -- SUSTAINABLE LAND USE OPTIONS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Technical Research Needs -- DOCUMENTATION OF LAND USE SYSTEMS -- INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE -- MONITORING -- Policy Strategies -- POLICY REVIEWS -- GLOBAL EQUITY -- Supporting Sustainable Agriculture -- CREATION OF AN ENABLING ENVIRONMENT -- INCENTIVES -- PARTNERSHIPS -- CONCLUSION -- PART ONE -- 1 Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics -- THE HUMID TROPICS -- FOREST CHARACTERISTICS AND BENEFITS -- Local and Global Climatic Interactions -- Biological Diversity -- Products and Commodities -- Nutrient Cycling -- Protection of Soils -- Stabilization of Hydrological Systems -- Water Availability and Quality -- Mitigation of Storm Impacts -- CONVERSION OF HUMID TROPIC FORESTS -- Deforestation Rates Within Regions of the Humid Tropics -- Causes of Forest Conversion -- Historical Patterns of Forest Conversion -- Consequences of Forest Conversion -- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES -- SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES -- ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES -- SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE IN THE HUMID TROPICS -- Constraints on Agricultural Productivity -- CLIMATE -- SOILS -- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS -- The Path to Sustainable Agriculture -- THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED APPROACH -- MOVING TOWARD SUSTAINABILITY -- 2 Sustainable Land Use Options -- INTENSIVE CROPPING SYSTEMS -- The Development of Intensive Agriculture -- Programs and Research Activities -- Implications for Forest Boundary Stabilization -- SHIFTING CULTIVATION -- Stabilization Guidelines.Managed Fallows and Forests in Mexico: An Example -- Low-Input Cropping: A Transition Technology -- AGROPASTORAL SYSTEMS -- Features and Benefits of Agropastoral Farms -- Requirements for Greater Sustainability -- CATTLE RANCHING -- Cattle Pastureland in Asia -- Cattle Pastureland in Africa -- Cattle Pastureland in Latin America -- Pasture Degradation: A Common Feature -- Reclamation of Degraded Pasture on Deforested Lands -- The Appropriate Pasture Technology for Sustainability -- AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS -- Types of Traditional Agroforestry Systems in the Humid Tropics -- Improved Agroforestry Systems -- IMPROVED TREES AND WOODY SHRUBS -- ARRANGEMENT OF TREES, CROPS, AND LIVESTOCK -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Agroforestry -- Research Priorities -- MIXED TREE SYSTEMS -- Past and Present Forest Management -- Mixed Tree Systems Throughout the World -- The Role of Mixed Tree Systems in Tropical Forest Conservation -- PERENNIAL TREE CROP PLANTATIONS -- Plantation Crops and Economic Development -- Environmental Effects -- Investments for Sustainability -- PLANTATION FORESTRY -- REGENERATING AND SECONDARY FORESTS -- Factors Affecting Forest Regeneration -- SHORT-TERM FACTORS -- LONG-TERM FACTORS -- Fire -- Acceleration of Forest Regeneration -- THE ROLE OF SECONDARY FORESTS -- NATURAL FOREST MANAGEMENT -- Forest Management in the Humid Tropics -- Management Systems -- UNIFORM SHELTERWOOD SYSTEMS -- STRIP SHELTERWOOD SYSTEMS -- SELECTION SYSTEMS -- Constraints on Sustainable Forestry -- MODIFIED FORESTS -- FOREST RESERVES -- Defining a Role for Extractive Reserves -- 3 Technological Imperatives for Change -- KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LAND USE OPTIONS -- A Comparison of Land Use System Attributes -- Indigenous Knowledge and Production Systems -- LAND USE DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS -- Sustainability and the Integration of Land Uses.Land Use Patterns and Land Classification -- Maintenance of Biomass -- Monitoring Systems and Methodologies -- ECOLOGICAL GUIDELINES FOR SYSTEMS MANAGEMENT -- TECHNICAL NEEDS COMMON TO ALL LAND USE OPTIONS -- Pest Management -- Nutrient Cycling -- Water Management -- COMMODITY-SPECIFIC RESEARCH NEEDS -- 4 Policy-Related Imperatives for Change -- MANAGING FOREST AND LAND RESOURCES -- Reviews of Existing Policies -- Planning of Major Infrastructure Projects -- National Resource Management Agencies -- Biodiversity -- Global Equity Considerations -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX Emissions of Greenhouse Gases from Tropical Deforestation and Subsequent Uses of the Land -- EFFECTS OF LAND USE CHANGE ON GLOBAL CLIMATE -- MAJOR LAND USE CHANGES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE FLUX OF GREENHOUSE GASES -- Permanent Agriculture -- Pastures -- Degradation of Croplands and Pastures -- Shifting Cultivation -- TRADITIONAL LONG-ROTATION SHIFTING CULTIVATION -- SHORT-ROTATION SHIFTING CULTIVATION -- ENCROACHING CULTIVATION -- Tree Plantations -- Logging -- Degraded Forests -- ESTIMATED FLUX OF GREENHOUSE GASES FROM LAND USE CHANGES -- Carbon -- BIOMASS BURNING -- TROPICAL SYSTEMS AS CARBON SINKS -- Other Greenhouse Gases -- METHANE -- NITROUS OXIDE -- CARBON MONOXIDE -- Total Radiative Effect from All Gases Released as a Result of Tropical Deforestation -- ESTIMATING FUTURE IMPACTS -- Carbon Accounting Models -- Models that Integrate Socioeconomic and Ecologic Aspects of Land Use Change -- FACTORS AFFECTING LAND USE CHANGES -- MODELS -- SUSTAINABILITY AND THE REDUCTION OF FUTURE IMPACTS -- Agroforestry -- Carbon Sinks -- Priorities for Future Research -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- PART TWO -- Country Profiles -- Brazil -- BASIS FOR SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS OF AMAZONIAN AGRICULTURE -- THE BRAZILIAN HUMID TROPICS -- The Environment -- Macroecologic Units -- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT.Chronological Agricultural Development -- Physical and Economic Agricultural Development -- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT IN NORTHEASTERN PARÁ -- AGRICULTURE IN VÁRZEA FLOODPLAINS -- AGRICULTURE IN FRONTIER EXPANSION AREAS -- AGRICULTURE IN OFFICIAL COLONIZATION AREAS -- AREAS OF FOREST PRODUCT EXTRACTION -- DEFORESTATION FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -- Extent of Deforestation -- Rate of Deforestation -- Environmental Impacts of Deforestation -- MACROLIMITATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -- Climate -- Biotic Pressure -- Soil-Related Limitations -- Sociocultural Limitations -- Political Limitations -- ENVIRONMENTAL BOTTLENECKS FOR SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -- PRESENT KNOWLEDGE BASE FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT -- Domestication of Nontimber Forest Extraction Products -- Natural Resources-Climate, Soil, and Vegetation -- Forest Exploration -- Annual Food and Fiber Crops -- Perennial Crops -- Pastures and Animal Production -- Aquaculture -- Agroindustrial Technology -- Basic Knowledge -- DIFFUSION AND UTILIZATION OF TECHNOLOGY -- AMAZONIAN AGRICULTURAL LAND USE SYSTEMS AND THEIR SUSTAINABILITIES -- Extraction of Nontimber Forest Products -- SUSTAINABILITY OF NONTIMBER RESOURCE EXTRACTION -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- Extraction of Timber Products -- SUSTAINABILITY OF TIMBER EXTRACTION -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- Shifting Agriculture in Upland Areas -- SUSTAINABILITY OF SHIFTING AGRICULTURE IN UPLAND AREAS -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- Várzea Floodplain Agriculture -- SUSTAINABILITY OF FLOODPLAIN AGRICULTURE -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- Cattle Raising on Pastures that Have Replaced Forests -- SUSTAINABILITY OF CATTLE RAISING -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- Cattle Raising on Native Grassland Ecosystems -- WELL-DRAINED SAVANNAH GRASSLANDS (WDSG) -- CATTLE RAISING ON ALLUVIAL FLOODPLAIN (VÁRZEA) GRASSLANDS (FPG) -- CATTLE RAISING ON POORLY DRAINED SAVANNAH GRASSLANDS (PDSG).Perennial Crop Agriculture -- SUSTAINABILITY OF PERENNIAL CROP AGRICULTURE -- RESEARCH NEEDS -- Agroforestry -- LAND USE INTENSITY, RESEARCH, AND TECHNOLOGY: THE KEY FOR SUSTAINABILITY -- Institutional Capacity -- A FUTURE SCENARIO -- EXPANSION POTENTIAL OF PRESENT LAND USE SYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- Côte d'Ivoire -- POPULATION -- FOREST RESOURCES -- DOMESTIC ECONOMY -- AGRICULTURE -- Export Crops -- Food Crops -- Sources of Agricultural Growth -- CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION -- Principal Causes -- AGRICULTURE -- LOGGING -- FUELWOOD -- CATTLE GRAZING -- Underlying Causes of Deforestation -- SHIFTING CULTIVATION -- LAND TENURE REGIMES -- GOVERNMENT POLICIES -- EFFECTS OF DEFORESTATION -- Climate and Microclimate -- Biodiversity -- Agricultural Productivity -- Forest Damage and Timber Production Potential -- AGRICULTURAL INTERVENTIONS AND SUSTAINABILITY -- Technological Interventions -- ORGANIC MATTER -- MULCHES AND COVER CROPS -- INORGANIC FERTILIZERS -- AGROFORESTRY -- CONSERVATION TILLAGE -- Policy Interventions -- SECURE PROPERTY RIGHTS -- FISCAL POLICIES -- CREDIT, PRICE POLICIES, AND MARKETS -- SUMMARY -- Three Deforestation Scenarios -- TECHNOLOGY OPTIONS -- POLICY OPTIONS -- REFERENCES -- Indonesia -- DESCRIPTION OF THE COUNTRY AND ITS TROPICAL FORESTS -- Population -- Agriculture -- Forest Resources -- DESIGNATED FORESTLANDS -- PRODUCTION FORESTS -- Ecologic Characteristics and Issues -- BIOGEOGRAPHICAL DIVERSITY -- Economic Activity -- Economic Importance of Forestry -- TIMBER PRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY WOOD-BASED INDUSTRIES -- DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY WOOD-BASED INDUSTRIES -- Contribution of Forestry to the National Economy -- HISTORICAL ASPECTS AND CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION -- Rates of Deforestation -- Population Pressure and Demand for Agricultural Land -- Logging in Natural Forests -- Shifting Cultivation -- Transmigration Program.Tree Crop Development.Rain forests are rapidly being cleared in the humid tropics to keep pace with food demands, economic needs, and population growth. Without proper management, these forests and other natural resources will be seriously depleted within the next 50 years. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics provides critically needed direction for developing strategies that both mitigate land degradation, deforestation, and biological resource losses and help the economic status of tropical countries through promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. The book includes A practical discussion of 12 major land use options for boosting food production and enhancing local economies while protecting the natural resource base. Recommendations for developing technologies needed for sustainable agriculture. A strategy for changing policies that discourage conserving and managing natural resources and biodiversity. Detailed reports on agriculture and deforestation in seven tropical countries.Humid tropicsAgricultural systemsTropicsSustainable agricultureTropicsLand use, RuralTropicsAgricultural ecologyTropicsAgricultural systemsSustainable agricultureLand use, RuralAgricultural ecology333.76/15/0913MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910973716103321Sustainable agriculture and the environment in the humid tropics4360862UNINA