04766nam 22007454a 450 991114406990332120260415134440.09786612194665978128219466312821946669783110199093311019909210.1515/9783110199093(CKB)1000000000691475(EBL)364677(OCoLC)437233357(SSID)ssj0000156344(PQKBManifestationID)11162702(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000156344(PQKBWorkID)10123319(PQKB)10065274(MiAaPQ)EBC364677(DE-B1597)33866(OCoLC)979731128(DE-B1597)9783110199093(Au-PeEL)EBL364677(CaPaEBR)ebr10256458(CaONFJC)MIL219466(Perlego)404158(EXLCZ)99100000000069147520071017d2007 uy 0engur|||||||||||txtccrFocus strategies in African languages the interaction of focus and grammar in Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic /edited by Enoch Olade Aboh, Katharina Hartmann, Malte Zimmermann1st ed.Berlin ;New York Mouton de Gruyter20071 online resource (332 p.)Trends in linguistics studies and monographs ;191Description based upon print version of record.9783110195934 3110195933 Includes bibliographical references and index. Frontmatter -- Contents -- Focus and grammar: The contribution of African languages -- Part I. Focus and prosody -- Nuclear stress in eastern Benue-Kwa (Niger-Congo) -- Investigating prosodic focus marking in Northern Sotho -- Part II. Information structure and word order -- Preverbal objects and information structure in Benue-Congo -- Focus strategies and the incremental development of semantic representations: Evidence from Bantu -- Part III. Ex-situ and in-situ strategies of focus marking -- Ex-situ focus in Kikuyu -- Focus in the Force-Fin system: Information structure in Cushitic languages -- Coptic relative tenses: The profile of a morpho-syntactic flagging device -- Part IV. The inventory of focus marking devices -- Identificational operation as a focus strategy in Byali -- Exhaustivity marking in Hausa: A reanalysis of the particle nee/cee -- Part V. Focus and related constructions -- Narrative focus strategies in Gur and Kwa -- Focused versus non-focused wh-phrases -- BackmatterOver the last two decades, focus has become a prominent topic in major fields in linguistic research (syntax, semantics, phonology). Focus Strategies in African Languages contributes to the ongoing discussion of focus by investigating focus-related phenomena in a range of African languages, most of which have been under-represented in the theoretical literature on focus. The articles in the volume look at focus strategies in Niger-Congo and Afro-Asiatic languages from several theoretical and methodological perspectives, ranging from detailed generative analysis to careful typological generalization across languages. Their common aim is to deepen our understanding of whether and how the information-structural category of focus is represented and marked in natural language. Topics investigated are, among others, the relation of focus and prosody, the effects of information structure on word order, ex situ versus in situ strategies of focus marking, the inventory of focus marking devices, focus and related constructions, focus-sensitive particles. The present inquiry into the focus systems of African languages has repercussions on existing theories of focus. It reveals new focus strategies as well as fine-tuned focus distinctions that are not discussed in the theoretical literature, which is almost exclusively based on well-documented intonation languages. Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs [TiLSM]Niger-Congo languagesGrammarAfroasiatic languagesGrammarFocus (Linguistics)Niger-Congo languagesGrammar.Afroasiatic languagesGrammar.Focus (Linguistics)496/.36Aboh Enoch Oladé786585Hartmann Katharina1116233Zimmermann Malte1970-610167MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911144069903321Focus strategies in African languages4862604UNINA06299nam 22004693 450 991113257710332120240102112656.09789201102218(electronic bk.)(MiAaPQ)EBC6986017(Au-PeEL)EBL6986017(CKB)22321076200041(OCoLC)1338839717(Perlego)3509565(EXLCZ)992232107620004120220516d2021 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierTechnology Roadmap for Small Modular Reactor Deployment1st ed.Havertown :International Atomic Energy Agency,2021.©2021.1 online resource (161 pages)IAEA Nuclear Energy ;v.NR-T-1.18Print version: IAEA Technology Roadmap for Small Modular Reactor Deployment Havertown : International Atomic Energy Agency,c2021 Intro -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Background -- 1.2. Objective -- 1.3. Scope -- 1.4. Structure -- 2. SMALL MODULAR REACTORS AND THE TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP -- 2.1. Current status of deployment -- 2.2. Modular design and construction: Terminology -- 2.3. Nuclear power infrastructure -- 2.3.1. SMR deployment in a country with an existing nuclear power programme -- 2.3.2. SMR deployment in a country without an existing nuclear power programme: The IAEA's Milestones approach -- 2.4. Non-proliferation and safeguards -- 2.5. Technology roadmap as a concept -- 3. PROSPECTS, IMPEDIMENTS AND DEPLOYMENT INDICATORS -- 3.1. Prospects -- 3.1.1. Enhanced safety, energy security and carbon free power -- 3.1.2. Smaller grids, remote locations, integration with renewables and replacement of ageing fossil fuelled plants -- 3.1.3. Easier to site and smaller emergency planning zones -- 3.1.4. Capacity factors and incremental additions of generating capacity -- 3.1.5. Dispatchable integration with non-dispatchable renewables and the future grid -- 3.1.6. Non-electrical applications and water usage -- 3.1.7. Public acceptance, localization and decommissioning -- 3.1.8. Economics and reduced debt financing -- 3.2. Issues and impediments -- 3.2.1. Economics and early adopter of first of a kind technology -- 3.2.2. Licensing issues and the need for harmonization -- 3.2.3. Fuel burnup -- 3.2.4. Public acceptance -- 3.2.5. Continued R&amp -- D -- 3.2.6. Infrastructure considerations of SMRs in the context of the IAEA's Milestones approach -- 3.2.7. Operation and maintenance of novel technology -- 3.3. Indicators of SMR deployment -- 3.3.1. Categories and indicators for SMR deployment -- 3.3.2. Overview of the methodology -- 4. STAKEHOLDERS AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORKS -- 4.1. Stakeholders -- 4.1.1. Designer/supplier -- 4.1.2. Owner/operating organization.4.1.3. Technical support organization -- 4.1.4. Investors -- 4.1.5. Regulatory bodies -- 4.1.6. Government -- 4.1.7. Public -- 4.1.8. Other stakeholders -- 4.2. Regulatory frameworks -- 5. TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP FOR NEAR TERM DEPLOYABLE SMR TECHNOLOGY -- 5.1. Generic roadmap for the owner/operating organization -- 5.1.1. Task 1: Project creation -- 5.1.2. Task 2: Planning, financing, contracting and siting -- 5.1.3. Task 3: Site specific design and engineering support -- 5.1.4. Task 4: Licensing and regulatory oversight -- 5.1.5. Task 5: Procurement, supplier development and qualification -- 5.1.6. Task 6: Construction -- 5.1.7. Task 7: Training and initial startup -- 5.1.8. Task 8: Operations, spent fuel/waste management and decommissioning -- 5.2. Generic roadmap for the designer/supplier -- 5.2.1. Task 1: Project creation, conceptual design, funding and economic studies -- 5.2.2. Task 2: Basic design and engineering development -- 5.2.3. Task 3: Detailed design, testing and validation -- 5.2.4. Task 4: Fuel design assessment and qualification -- 5.2.5. Task 5: Supplier development and qualification -- 5.2.6. Task 6: Pre-licensing discussion and/or design certification activities -- 5.2.7. Task 7: Owner/licensee and international interactions -- 5.2.8. Documentation -- 5.2.9. Minimization of project risks -- 5.3. Generic approach for regulatory bodies -- 5.3.1. Establishing a versatile and clear regulatory framework -- 5.3.2. Capacity and capabilities to assess competencies of future licensees -- 5.3.3. Receptiveness and capabilities to adopt and cope with new technological approaches -- 6. DEVELOPING REACTOR TECHNOLOGY WITH LONGER DEVELOPMENT TIMELINES -- 6.1. Relevant technical areas and support for R&amp -- D -- 6.1.1. Technology readiness assessments and identifying technology gaps -- 6.1.2. Technology development and demonstration plans.6.1.3. Non-electrical applications of SMRs -- 6.1.4. Integration of renewable energy sources with nuclear power -- 7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Annex REVIEW OF SMR DESIGNS IN OPERATION OR UNDER CONSTRUCTION -- ABBREVIATIONS -- CONTRIBUTORS TO DRAFTING AND REVIEW.Technology roadmaps have proven to be a useful management tool for evaluating, planning and strategizing the development of complex technological projects. This publication is intended to provide Member States with a set of generic roadmaps which can be used in the deployment of small modular reactors. These roadmaps are based on the latest inputs from Member States currently pursuing this technology. The publication places emphasis on the activities of owners/operators who drive the demand and requirements for the reactor designs, the designers who develop the technologies, and the regulators who establish and maintain the regulatory requirements that owners/operators should meet. It also provides a methodology for developing a technology roadmap for reactors with longer development horizons and discusses emerging opportunities and challenges for this relatively new technology. IAEA Nuclear Energy Nuclear power plantsNuclear power plants.IAEA1594159MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911132577103321Technology Roadmap for Small Modular Reactor Deployment4868738UNINA