04203nam 2200601Ia 450 991110513140332120251017110054.00-309-16645-41-280-17663-697866101766320-309-52844-5(CKB)111087027010032(OCoLC)60365231(CaPaEBR)ebrary10051686(SSID)ssj0000114742(PQKBManifestationID)11131704(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000114742(PQKBWorkID)10125398(PQKB)10515791(Au-PeEL)EBL3564033(CaPaEBR)ebr10051686(OCoLC)54863693(MiAaPQ)EBC3564033(DNLM)1640984(BIP)53858615(BIP)10324225(EXLCZ)9911108702701003220040415d2004 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrBridging the bed-bench gap contributions of the Markey Trust /Committee on the Evaluation of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust Programs in Biomedical Sciences ; Board on Higher Education and Workforce, Policy and Global Affairs Division, National Research Council of the National Academies1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academies Pressc20041 online resource (133 p.)"This study was supported by Contract/Grant No. OSEP-97-M-03-A between the National Academy of Sciences and the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust."--T.p. verso.0-309-09112-8 Includes bibliographical references.FrontMatter -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- Introduction -- History of the Markey Trust -- Grant Programs -- Assessing the Markey General Organizational Grants Program -- The Biomedical Research Environment in the 1980s -- Closing the Bed-Bench Gap -- The Current Biomedical Research Environment -- Conclusions and Observations for Philanthropic Funders -- References -- Appendixes -- A Bridge Building Between Medicine and Basic Science -- B The Endangered Physician-Scientist: Opportunities for Revitalization Emerge -- C Workshop on Training Programs in Patient-Oriented Pathobiology for Basic Scientists -- D Workshop on Training Programs in Patient-Oriented Pathobiology for Basic Scientists -- E Descriptions of Programs Participating in the Workshop on Training Programs in Patient-Oriented Pathobiology for Basic Scientists -- F Summary of Site Visits to Markey-Funded Programs That Provided Training in Basic Research to Physicians -- G Biographies of Members of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust Programs in Biomedical Sciences Committee.Since the 1970s there has been a serious gap between fundamental biological research and its clinical application. In response to this gap the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust instituted the General Organizational Grants program, which funded two types of awards to provide training that would bridge the bed-bench gap. These training awards fell into two categories: (1) those that provided significant opportunities for M.D.s to engage in basic research during and immediately following medical school and residency, and (2) those that provided significant clinical exposure for Ph.D.s while they were predoctoral or postdoctoral students. These grants were intended to close the widening gap between rapid advances in our understanding of the biological process and the translation of that knowledge into techniques for preventing diseases. This report examines the General Organizational Grant programs, identifies best practices, and provides observations for future philanthropic funders.MedicineResearch grantsMedicineResearch grants.610/.7/2National Research Council (U.S.).Committee on the Evaluation of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust Programs in Biomedical Sciences.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911105131403321Bridging the bed-bench gap4769376UNINA03190nam 22009015 450 991109035340332120260415124234.01-64469-288-010.1515/9781644692882(CKB)4100000010659602(MiAaPQ)EBC6134205(DE-B1597)541913(OCoLC)1128061217(DE-B1597)9781644692882(EXLCZ)99410000001065960220200406h20202020 fg 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierThe History of the civil war in Tajikistan /Iraj BashiriBoston :Academic Studies Press,[2020]©20201 online resource (327 pages)Central Asian studies1-64469-287-2 The War Year -- The Emirate of Bukhara -- The Sovietization of Tajikistan -- End of an Era -- The Government of National Reconciliation -- Reinventing the Wheel -- The Path to Recovery."The book is about the Tajiks, a Muslim community in Central Asia, their Sovietization, and their bloody civil war. The conflict was about the type of constitution that Tajikistan should adopt: Communist, secular, or based on the Islamic Shari'a. The parliamentary discussions aimed at preventing a war, and the armed struggle that ensued are both discussed in detail. Events are seen through the eyes of Safarali Kenjaev, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Tajikistan at the time. The volume also includes the author's impressions and interviews gathered during his year-long residence (1993) in war-torn Tajikistan as IREX's man in Dushanbe."--Provided by publisher.Central Asian studies.HISTORY / Asia / Central AsiabisacshTajikistanHistoryBukhara.Central Asia.Cold War.Hanafi.Iran.Jadidists.Perestroika.Shari’a.Sovietization.Tajik independence.Tajikistan Civil War.Turkey.Wahhabism.World War II.amirs.atheism.cadre.civil war.communism.economy.ethnicity.glasnost’.identity.ideology.infrastructure.nineteenth century.nomenklatura.politics.post-Soviet states.radical Islam.reconstruction.reform.regionalism.religion.secular state.socialism.HISTORY / Asia / Central Asia.958.6086Bashiri Iraj638120MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911090353403321The History of the civil war in Tajikistan4756847UNINA05303oam 22011774 450 991114899850332120251116163702.09786612844614978146233658614623365829781282844612128284461X9781451874198145187419797814527692261452769222(CKB)3170000000055399(EBL)1606005(SSID)ssj0000949352(PQKBManifestationID)11596460(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000949352(PQKBWorkID)10996930(PQKB)10505316(OCoLC)666237579(IMF)WPIEE2009274(MiAaPQ)EBC1606005(IMF)WPIEA2009274WPIEA2009274(EXLCZ)99317000000005539920020129d2009 uf 0engurcnu||||||||txtccrCyclical Patterns of Government Expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa : Facts and Factors /Irene Yackovlev, Victor Lledo, Lucie Gadenne1st ed.Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,2009.1 online resource (53 p.)IMF Working Papers"November 2009."9781451918359 1451918356 Includes bibliographical references.Cover Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; I. Introduction; 1. Evolution of the fiscal balance in sub-Saharan Africa, current and past cycles; 1. Number of sub-Saharan African countries satisfying various macroeconomic performance and institutional quality criterial by decade; II. Literature Review; III. Empirical Strategy; A. Empirical Model and Identification; B. Data, Measurement, and Specification; IV. Results; A. Key Facts; 2. Cyclical properties of government spending, 1970-2008; 3. Robustness checks, system-GMM estimates and additional controls4. Cyclical properties of government spending by decade B. Factors; 5. Political factors, impact on procyclicality, 1970-2008; 6. Financing constraints, impact on procyclicality, 1970-2008; 7. Macroeconomic stability and fiscal space, impact on procyclicality, 1970-2008; 8. How can we explain the evolution of procyclicality over time in sub-Saharan Africa?; V. Conclusions and Policy Implications; Appendix; References; FootnotesThis paper documents cyclical patterns of government expenditures in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970 and explains variation between countries and over time. Controlling for endogeneity, it finds government expenditures to be slightly more procyclical in sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries and some evidence that procyclicality in Africa has declined in recent years after a period of sharp increase through the 1990s. Greater fiscal space, proxied by lower external debt, and better access to concessional financing, proxied by larger aid flows, seem to be important factors in diminishing procyclicality in the region. The role of institutions is less clear cut: changes in political institutions have no impact on procyclicality.IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;No. 2009/274Fiscal policyAfrica, Sub-SaharanFinance, PublicAfrica, Sub-SaharanDebt ManagementimfDebtimfDebts, PublicimfExpenditureimfExpenditures, PublicimfFinanceimfFinance: GeneralimfFinancial risk managementimfFiscal PolicyimfFiscal policyimfFiscal spaceimfGeneral Financial Markets: Government Policy and RegulationimfMacroeconomicsimfNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: GeneralimfProcyclicalityimfPublic debtimfPublic finance & taxationimfPublic FinanceimfSovereign DebtimfAfrica, Sub-SaharanEconomic policySouth AfricaimfFiscal policyFinance, PublicDebt ManagementDebtDebts, PublicExpenditureExpenditures, PublicFinanceFinance: GeneralFinancial risk managementFiscal PolicyFiscal policyFiscal spaceGeneral Financial Markets: Government Policy and RegulationMacroeconomicsNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: GeneralProcyclicalityPublic debtPublic finance & taxationPublic FinanceSovereign Debt338.28394Yackovlev IreneGadenne LucieLledo VictorInternational Monetary Fund.African Department.DcWaIMFBOOK9911148998503321UNINA