09580nam 2200685 a 450 991108928580332120251116141759.09786610212019978128021201712802120129780309596114030959611497805850852960585085293(CKB)111004366659560(OCoLC)43475697(CaPaEBR)ebrary10056816(SSID)ssj0000135747(PQKBManifestationID)11146198(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000135747(PQKBWorkID)10063460(PQKB)11534032(MiAaPQ)EBC3376542(Au-PeEL)EBL3376542(CaPaEBR)ebr10056816(OCoLC)923264592(Perlego)4739995(BIP)389513(EXLCZ)9911100436665956019901017g19919999 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrThe decade of discovery in astronomy and astrophysics /Astronomy and Astrophysics Survey Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19911 online resource (220 p.) Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph9780309043816 0309043816 Includes bibliographical references and index.The Decade of Discovery in Astronomy and Astrophysics -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- THE DECADE OF DISCOVERY -- RESTORING THE INFRASTRUCTURE -- ACHIEVING A BALANCED SPACE PROGRAM -- THE PRIORITIZED INSTRUMENTAL PROGRAM -- Large Programs -- Small and Moderate Programs -- Space-based Programs -- Ground-based Programs -- THEORY AND COMPUTERS -- LUNAR ASTRONOMY -- ASTRONOMY AND SOCIETY -- 1 Recommendations -- INTRODUCTION -- Our Place in the Universe -- Discoveries of the 1980s -- The 1990s: The Decade of Discovery -- PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS STUDY -- Charge to the Committee -- Contents of This Report -- RECOMMENDATIONS FOR STRENGTHENING GROUND-BASED INFRASTRUCTURE -- ACHIEVING A BALANCED SPACE PROGRAM -- Overall Strategy -- Significance of Large Space Observatories -- RECOMMENDED NEW EQUIPMENT INITIATIVES -- Ground and Space Initiatives -- The Combined Equipment List -- Small Projects and Technological Initiatives -- Explanation of New Equipment Initiatives -- Large Programs -- Ground-based Astronomy -- Infrared-Optimized 8-m Telescope. -- Millimeter Array. -- Southern 8-m Telescope. -- Space-based Astronomy -- SIRTF. -- Moderate Programs -- Ground-based Projects -- Adaptive Optics and Interferometry. -- 4-m Telescopes. -- Fly's Eye. -- Large Earth-based Solar Telescope. -- VLA Extension. -- Space-based Projects -- Dedicated Spacecraft for FUSE. -- SOFIA. -- Explorers. -- Astrometric Interferometry Mission. -- International Collaborations. -- Small Programs -- Ground-based Projects -- Two-Micron Survey. -- Infrared Instrumentation. -- Cosmic Background Imager. -- Laboratory Astrophysics. -- Other Programs. -- Space-based Projects -- Small Explorers. -- Other Projects. -- Technology Development -- Ground-based Technology -- Space-based Technology -- 2 Science Opportunities -- INTRODUCTION.OUR SOLAR SYSTEM AND THE SEARCH FOR OTHER PLANETS -- The Formation and Evolution of Our Solar System -- The Search for Other Planets -- Comets and the Origins of Life -- Weather and Volcanoes -- THE LIFE HISTORY OF STARS -- The Sun -- The Formation of Stars -- The Life and Death of Stars -- THE LIFE HISTORY OF GALAXIES -- The Milky Way as a Galaxy -- The Evolution of Galaxies -- The Power Source of Quasars and Active Galaxies -- The Birth of Galaxies -- THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE UNIVERSE -- The Big Bang Model -- The Large-Scale Structure of the Universe -- Dark Matter -- The Origin of the Universe -- The End of the Universe -- 3 Existing Programs -- INTRODUCTION -- GROUND-BASED ASTRONOMY -- Optical and Infrared Astronomy -- Large Mirrors -- Adaptive Optics and Interferometry -- Radio Astronomy -- Centimeter Wavelength Astronomy -- Millimeter and Submillimeter Wavelength Astronomy -- Planetary Astronomy -- Solar Astronomy -- The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence -- SPACE ASTRONOMY -- The Great Observatories -- Hubble Space Telescope -- Gamma Ray Observatory -- Advanced X-Ray Astrophysics Facility -- The Explorer Program -- The Suborbital Program -- International Collaborations -- Shuttle Payloads -- Technology Development -- THEORETICAL AND LABORATORY ASTROPHYSICS -- PARTICLE ASTROPHYSICS -- 4 New Initiatives -- INTRODUCTION -- THE DECADE OF THE INFRARED -- HIGH SPATIAL RESOLUTION -- The Millimeter Array -- Adaptive Optics -- Optical and Infrared Interferometers -- Astrometric Interferometry Mission -- Large Earth-based Solar Telescope -- VLA Extension -- CONSTRUCTION OF LARGE TELESCOPES -- A Southern 8-m Telescope -- Construction and Support of 4-m Telescopes -- THE INFORMATION EXPLOSION -- OTHER INITIATIVES -- Dedicated Spacecraft for Fuse -- Acceleration of the Explorer Program -- Fly's Eye Telescope -- 5 Astronomy and the Computer Revolution.INTRODUCTION -- A HIERARCHY OF COMPUTING POWER -- DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING -- DATA REDUCTION AND ANALYSIS -- ARCHIVING -- COMPUTERS AND THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Archiving -- Workstations and Hierarchical Computing -- Networks -- Community Code Development -- 6 Astronomy from the Moon -- ASTRONOMY AND THE SPACE EXPLORATION INITIATIVE -- THE MOON AS AN OBSERVATORY SITE -- Physical Characteristics -- A Human Presence -- SCIENCE FROM A LUNAR OBSERVATORY -- Observations with Single Telescopes -- Interferometry at Visible and Near-infrared Wavelengths -- Interferometry at Submillimeter Wavelengths -- Radio Observations -- High-Energy Astrophysics -- AN EVOLUTIONARY PROGRAM OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT -- SPECIFIC TECHNOLOGY INITIATIVES -- THE IMPACT OF THE LUNAR PROGRAM -- WHERE SHOULD THE PROGRAM BE IN 10 YEARS? -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- 7 Policy Opportunities -- INTRODUCTION -- THE PREVIOUS DECADE -- EDUCATIONAL INITIATIVE -- REVIVING GROUND-BASED ASTRONOMY -- BALANCED SPACE ASTROPHYSICS PROGRAM -- INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION -- 8 Astronomy as a National Asset -- OUR PLACE IN THE UNIVERSE -- ASTRONOMY AND AMERICA'S SCIENTIFIC LEADERSHIP -- Public Scientific Literacy -- Training of Professional Scientists -- SYNERGISM WITH OTHER SCIENCES -- High-Energy and Particle Physics -- Geophysics -- ASTRONOMY AND THE EARTH'S ENVIRONMENT -- An Astronomical Context for the Earth's Environment -- Models of the Earth's Environment -- Astronomy, Weather, and Ozone Depletion -- USES OF ASTRONOMICAL TECHNIQUES OUTSIDE ASTRONOMY -- Medicine -- Industry -- Defense Technology -- Why They Call It Universal Time -- Energy -- ASTRONOMY AS AN INTERNATIONAL ENTERPRISE -- 9 References -- Appendices -- Appendix A Glossary -- Astronomical Terms -- Abbreviations and Acronyms -- Appendix B Status of the Profession.The Demographics of Astronomy -- The Growth of Astronomy -- Astronomy as a Profession -- The Funding of Astronomical Research -- Support from the National Science Foundation -- Support from NASA -- Access to Ground-Based Telescopes -- Optical and Infrared Astronomy -- Radio Astronomy -- Appendix C Contributing Scientists -- Benefits to the Nation from Astronomy and Astrophysics -- Computing and Data Processing -- High Energy from Space -- Infrared Astronomy -- Interferometry -- Optical/IR from Ground -- Particle Astrophysics -- Planetary Astronomy -- Policy Opportunities -- Radio Astronomy -- Science Opportunities -- Solar Astronomy -- Status of the Profession -- Theory and Laboratory Astrophysics -- UV-Optical from Space -- Working Group on Astronomy from the Moon -- Appendix D Members, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources -- Index.Astronomers and astrophysicists are making revolutionary advances in our understanding of planets, stars, galaxies, and even the structure of the universe itself. The Decade of Discovery presents a survey of this exciting field of science and offers a prioritized agenda for space- and ground-based research into the twenty-first century. The book presents specific recommendations, programs, and expenditure levels to meet the needs of the astronomy and astrophysics communities. Accessible to the interested lay reader, the book explores: The technological investments needed for instruments that will be built in the next century. The importance of the computer revolution to all aspects of astronomical research. The potential usefulness of the moon as an observatory site. Policy issues relevant to the funding of astronomy and the execution of astronomical projects. The Decade of Discovery will prove valuable to science policymakers, research administrators, scientists, and students in the physical sciences, and interested lay readers. Alternate Selection, Astronomy Book Club AstronomyResearchAstrophysicsResearchAstronomyResearch.AstrophysicsResearch.520/.72MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911089285803321The decade of discovery in astronomy and astrophysics4729167UNINA05477nam 2200709Ia 450 991113976120332120251116191433.01-280-74728-597866107472830-08-046803-9(CKB)1000000000357713(EBL)284006(OCoLC)181845279(SSID)ssj0000216939(PQKBManifestationID)11185759(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000216939(PQKBWorkID)10197825(PQKB)10244408(Au-PeEL)EBL284006(CaPaEBR)ebr10158401(CaONFJC)MIL74728(MiAaPQ)EBC284006(EXLCZ)99100000000035771320061222d2007 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrOutcome prediction in cancer /editors, Azzam F.G. Taktak and Anthony C. Fisher1st ed.Amsterdam ;Boston Elsevier20071 online resource (483 p.)Description based upon print version of record.0-444-52855-5 Includes bibliographical references and index.Front cover; Title page; Copyright page; Foreword; Table of Contents; Contributors; Introduction; Section 1: The Clinical Problem; Chapter 1: The Predictive Value of Detailed Histological Staging of Surgical Resection Specimens in Oral Cancer; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. PREDICTIVE FEATURES RELATED TO THE PRIMARY TUMOUR; 3. PREDICTIVE FEATURES RELATED TO THE REGIONAL LYMPH NODES; 4. DISTANT (SYSTEMIC) METASTASES; 5. GENERAL PATIENT FEATURES; 6. MOLECULAR AND BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; 7. THE WAY AHEAD?; REFERENCES; Chapter 2: Survival after Treatment of Intraocular Melanoma; 1. INTRODUCTION2. INTRAOCULAR MELANOMA3. STATISTICAL METHODS FOR PREDICTING METASTATIC DISEASE; 4. PREDICTING METASTATIC DEATH WITH NEURAL NETWORKS; 5. MISCELLANEOUS ERRORS; 6. A NEURAL NETWORK FOR PREDICTING SURVIVAL IN UVEAL MELANOMA PATIENTS; 7. CAVEATS REGARDING INTERPRETATION OF SURVIVAL STATISTICS; 8. FURTHER STUDIES; 9. CONCLUSIONS; REFERENCES; Chapter 3: Recent Developments in Relative Survival Analysis; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. CAUSE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL; 3. INDEPENDENCE ASSUMPTION; 4. EXPECTED SURVIVAL; 5. RELATIVE SURVIVAL; 6. POINT OF CURE; 7. REGRESSION ANALYSIS; 8. PERIOD ANALYSIS9. AGE STANDARDIZATION10. PARAMETRIC METHODS; 11. MULTIPLE TUMOURS; 12. CONCLUSION; REFERENCES; Section 2: Biological and Genetic Factors; Chapter 4: Environmental and Genetic Risk Factors of Lung Cancer; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY; 3. CONCLUSION; REFERENCES; Chapter 5: Chaos, Cancer, the Cellular Operating System and the Prediction of Survival in Head and Neck Cancer; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. CANCER AND ITS CAUSATION; 3. FUNDAMENTAL CELL BIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY; 4. A NEW DIRECTION FOR FUNDAMENTAL CELL BIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY5. COMPLEX SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AS APPLIED TO BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS AND SURVIVAL ANALYSIS6. METHODS OF ANALYSING FAILURE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS; 7. A COMPARISON OF A NEURAL NETWORK WITH COX'S REGRESSION IN PREDICTING SURVIVAL IN OVER 800 PATIENTS; 8. THE NEURAL NETWORK AND FUNDAMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY; 9. THE DIRECTION OF FUTURE WORK; 10. SUMMARY; REFERENCES; Section 3: Mathematical Background of Prognostic Models; Chapter 6: Flexible Hazard Modelling for Outcome Prediction in Cancer: Perspectives for the Use of Bioinformatics Knowledge; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. FAILURE TIME DATA3. PARTITION AND GROUPING OF FAILURE TIMES4. COMPETING RISKS; 5. GLMs AND FFANNs; 6. APPLICATIONS TO CANCER DATA; 7. CONCLUSIONS; REFERENCES; Chapter 7: Information Geometry for Survival Analysis and Feature Selection by Neural Networks; 1. INTRODUCTION; 2. SURVIVAL FUNCTIONS; 3. STANDARD MODELS FOR SURVIVAL ANALYSIS; 4. THE NEURAL NETWORK MODEL; 5. LEARNING IN THE CPENN MODEL; 6. THE BAYESIAN APPROACH TO MODELLING; 7. VARIABLE SELECTION; 8. THE LAYERED PROJECTION ALGORITHM; 9. A SEARCH STRATEGY; 10. EXPERIMENTS; 11. CONCLUSION; REFERENCESChapter 8: Artificial Neural Networks Used in the Survival Analysis of Breast Cancer Patients: A Node-Negative StudyThis book is organized into 4 sections, each looking at the question of outcome prediction in cancer from a different angle. The first section describes the clinical problem and some of the predicaments that clinicians face in dealing with cancer. Amongst issues discussed in this section are the TNM staging, accepted methods for survival analysis and competing risks. The second section describes the biological and genetic markers and the rôle of bioinformatics. Understanding of the genetic and environmental basis of cancers will help in identifying high-risk populations and developing effectivCancerDiagnosisCancerPrognosisNeural networks (Computer science)Survival analysis (Biometry)CancerDiagnosis.CancerPrognosis.Neural networks (Computer science)Survival analysis (Biometry)362.196994616.994616.994075Taktak Azzam F. GFisher Anthony C.Dr.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911139761203321UNINA