03349nam 2200409 450 991080878380332120220517092226.03-8325-9978-9(CKB)4340000000242298(MiAaPQ)EBC521625758a1c694-ef30-4010-8ebc-3edeb0dd2d03(EXLCZ)99434000000024229820180521d2016 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierExperimental investigations on particle number emissions from GDI engines /Markusa BertschBerlin :Logos Verlag,[2016]©20161 online resource (170 pages)Forschungsberichte aus dem Institut für KolbenmaschinenPublicationDate: 201612313-8325-4403-8 Long description: This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.EnginesDesign and constructionEnginesDesign and construction.621.4Bertsch Markusa1629007MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910808783803321Experimental investigations on particle number emissions from GDI engines3966458UNINA10407nam 22004813 450 991104801450332120251010080306.00-443-36764-70-443-36763-9(CKB)41530579900041(MiAaPQ)EBC32331248(Au-PeEL)EBL32331248(OCoLC)1545127159(EXLCZ)994153057990004120251010d2025 uy 0engur|||||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierRailway Pantograph-Catenary System Optimizing Dynamics, Materials, and Performance1st ed.Chantilly :Elsevier,2025.©2025.1 online resource (380 pages)Front Cover -- Front Matter -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Dynamics of pantograph-catenary -- 1.1.2 The pantograph-catenary arc -- 1.1.3 Wear in PCSs -- 1.1.4 Carbon sliding materials -- Chapter 2 Dynamics of a pantograph-catenary system -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Geometric characteristics of a PCS -- 2.2.1 Geometric characteristics of catenary -- 2.2.2 Geometric characteristics of pantograph -- 2.3 Dynamic interaction between pantograph and catenary -- 2.3.1 Elasticity and elastic inhomogeneity of catenary -- 2.3.2 Performance requirements for dynamic interaction of PCS -- 2.4 Simulation techniques for a PCS -- 2.4.1 Method for modeling catenary -- 2.4.2 Method for solving catenary -- 2.4.3 Method for modeling pantograph -- 2.4.4 Method for modeling the PCS model coupling -- 2.4.5 Verification of coupled model -- 2.5 Vibration regularity of the catenary -- 2.5.1 Single cable fluctuation characteristics -- 2.5.2 Catenary wave speed -- 2.5.3 Catenary fluctuation frequency and wavelength -- 2.6 Impact of ice covering on a PCS -- 2.6.1 Simulation of ice loads -- 2.6.2 The influence of ice covering on static characteristics of catenary -- 2.6.3 The influence of ice covering on the dynamic characteristics of the PCS -- 2.7 Impact of wind on a PCS -- 2.7.1 Simulation of wind loads -- 2.7.2 The influence of wind on static characteristics of catenary -- 2.7.3 The influence of wind on the dynamic characteristics of the PCS -- 2.8 Case study: Investigation of PCS interaction and optimal matching at 400 km/h -- 2.8.1 Objective -- 2.8.2 Scope -- 2.8.3 Audience -- 2.8.4 Rationale -- 2.8.5 Expected results and deliverables -- 2.8.6 Actions taken/workflow/tools used/simulations and analyses -- 2.8.7 Challenges and solutions -- 2.8.8 Results.2.8.9 Learning and knowledge outcomes -- References -- Chapter 3 Arc in a pantograph-catenary system -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Physical principles of an arc -- 3.2.1 Arc plasma -- 3.2.2 Air ionization -- 3.2.3 Excitation and radiation transition -- 3.2.4 Recombination and diffusion -- 3.2.5 Electron emission from electrode surfaces -- 3.3 Gas discharge -- 3.3.1 Theory of townsend discharge -- 3.3.2 Theory of streamer discharge -- 3.3.3 Paschen's law -- 3.4 Arc physics characteristics -- 3.4.1 Arc generation -- 3.4.2 Conditions for arc generation -- 3.4.3 Arc ion and energy equilibrium -- 3.4.4 Arc structure -- 3.5 Arc model -- 3.5.1 Circuit/black box model -- 3.5.2 Impedance/voltage-current characteristics model -- 3.5.3 Semiempirical and neural network model -- 3.5.4 Fluid model -- 3.5.5 Arc erosion model -- 3.5.6 Arc temperature model -- 3.6 Influence of complex environment on an arc -- 3.6.1 Influence of Low-Pressure on Arc -- 3.6.2 Influence of strong wind on arc -- 3.6.3 Influence of high humidity on arc -- 3.7 Meridional flow control arc method -- 3.7.1 Magnetic field control arc method -- 3.7.2 Meridional flow control arc method -- 3.8 Conclusion -- 3.8.1 Case study -- References -- Chapter 4 Wear of sliding electric contact in a PCS -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Friction and wear -- 4.2.1 Friction -- 4.2.2 Wear -- 4.2.3 Lubrication -- 4.3 Sliding electric contact -- 4.3.1 Sliding electric contact theory -- 4.3.2 Sliding electric contact mechanism -- 4.3.3 Thermal effect on contact surface -- 4.4 Model for wear of sliding electric contact -- 4.4.1 Smooth surface contact -- 4.4.2 Hertz contact theory -- 4.4.3 G-W model -- 4.4.4 Multilevel model -- 4.5 Sliding electric contact friction and wear characteristics of PCS -- 4.5.1 Electrical contact materials for pantograph-catenary system \(PCS\).4.5.2 General law of sliding electric contact friction and wear -- 4.5.3 Temperature rise of electrical contact in PCS -- 4.5.4 Abnormal wear in PCS -- 4.6 Influence of environmental factors on sliding electric friction and wear -- 4.6.1 Rainy environment -- 4.6.2 Low-temperature environment -- 4.6.3 Low oxygen environment -- 4.7 Case study 1 -- 4.7.1 Prediction of strip uneven wear in metro pantograph-rigid catenary system -- 4.8 Case study 2 -- 4.8.1 The prediction model for the wear of pantograph carbon sliders on EMUs in high-altitude environments -- References -- Chapter 5 Materials of sliding electric contact in a PCS -- 5.1 Pantograph contact material -- 5.1.1 Overview -- 5.2 Properties and properties -- 5.2.1 Mechanical properties -- 5.2.2 Heat conduction -- 5.2.3 Electrical properties -- 5.2.4 Frictional property -- 5.3 Measuring and analyzing -- 5.3.1 Hardness measurement -- 5.3.2 Mechanical test -- 5.3.3 Electrical test -- 5.3.4 Thermal properties test -- 5.3.5 Tribological test -- 5.3.5.2 Friction coefficient measurement -- 5.3.5.3 Wear test -- 5.4 Material failure theory -- 5.4.1 Fracture mechanics theory -- 5.4.2 Fatigue theory -- 5.4.3 Creep theory -- 5.4.4 Thermal fatigue theory -- 5.5 Material preparation -- 5.5.1 Preparation of catenary wire -- 5.5.2 Preparation of pantograph skateboard -- 5.6 Dip metal pantograph slide -- 5.6.1 Iron-reinforced carbon/copper pantograph slide -- 5.7 Boron-reinforced carbon/copper pantograph slide -- 5.7.1 Interfacial bonding -- 5.7.2 Mechanicals -- 5.7.3 Electrical properties -- 5.7.4 Tungsten reinforced carbon/copper pantograph slide -- 5.7.5 Silicon reinforced carbon/aluminum pantograph slide -- 5.7.6 Pre-oxidized carbon fiber reinforced carbon-based pantograph slide -- 5.7.7 Multiscale modified carbon fiber reinforced carbon pantograph slide.5.8 Skeletal structure reinforced carbon-based pantograph slide -- 5.8.1 Root bionic skeletal structure-enhanced carbon pantograph slide -- 5.8.2 Carbon nanotube/carbon black skeleton structure-enhanced carbon-based pantograph slide -- 5.9 Conclusion -- 5.9.1 Case study/activity template -- 5.10 Results -- 5.11 Learning and knowledge outcomes -- References -- APPENDIX A -- Key terms, definitions, and nomenclature -- Section 1: Introduction -- Background -- Problem statement -- Section 2: The dynamic model of PCS under ice-covered catenary -- Method description -- Method procedure -- Materials, equipment, apparatus, and resources -- Details of computational modeling resources -- Optimization and troubleshooting -- Limitations -- Section 3: Formal analysis and investigation, validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Section 4: Discussion and evaluation -- Section 5: Conclusion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Further Information -- References -- APPENDIX B -- Introduction -- Background -- Literature review -- Materials and methods -- Method description -- Method procedure -- Details of computational modeling resources -- Optimization and troubleshooting -- Formal analysis and investigation, validation, calculation and expression of results -- Validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Conclusion -- Summary and conclusions -- References -- APPENDIX C -- Kye terms, definitions, and nomenclature -- Section 1: Introduction -- Background -- Problem statement -- Section 2: Materials and methods -- Method description -- Method procedure -- Materials, equipment, apparatus, and resources -- Details of computational modeling resources -- Optimization and troubleshooting -- Limitations.Section 3: Formal analysis and investigation, validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Section 4: Discussion and evaluation -- Section 5: Conclusion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Further information -- Literature review -- References -- APPENDIX D -- Key terms, definitions, and nomenclature -- Introduction -- Background -- Problem statement -- Literature review -- Materials and methods -- Method description -- Method procedure -- Materials, equipment, apparatus, and resources -- Details of computational modeling resources -- Optimization and troubleshooting -- Limitations -- Formal analysis and investigation, validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Discussion and evaluation -- Conclusion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Further information -- References -- APPENDIX E -- Key terms, definitions, and nomenclature -- Introduction -- Background -- Problem statement -- Literature review -- Materials and methods -- Method description -- Method procedure -- Materials, equipment, apparatus, and resources -- Details of computational modeling resources -- Formal analysis and investigation, validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Validation, calculation, and expression of results -- Discussion and evaluation -- Conclusion -- Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Further information -- References -- Index -- Back Cover.Railway Pantograph-Catenary System unlocks the theoretical and practical complexities of this key element in high-speed railway electrification.This authoritative volume offers a focused exploration of optimization approaches for the electrical contact process, ensuring consistent, reliable, and efficient performance by addressing the system's.625.1Yang Zefeng1879486Wei Wenfu1879487Gao Guoqiang1879488Wu Guangning861041MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911048014503321Railway Pantograph-Catenary System4492716UNINA