06251oam 22015494 450 991095341780332120250426110146.0978147555102014755510299781475539868147553986X(CKB)2550000000107549(EBL)1606777(SSID)ssj0000942146(PQKBManifestationID)11601444(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000942146(PQKBWorkID)10972024(PQKB)10088784(MiAaPQ)EBC1606777(Au-PeEL)EBL1606777(CaPaEBR)ebr10579635(OCoLC)794991592(IMF)WPIEE2012146(IMF)WPIEA2012146WPIEA2012146(EXLCZ)99255000000010754920020129d2012 uf 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrLocal Governments’ Fiscal Balance, Privatization, and Banking Sector Reform in Transition Countries /Ernesto Crivelli1st ed.Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,2012.1 online resource (29 p.)IMF Working PapersDescription based upon print version of record.9781475515596 1475515596 9781475504118 147550411X Includes bibliographical references.Cover; Contents; I. Introduction; II. Decentralization, Fiscal Balances, and Privatization: Background; III. Empirical Specification and Data; A. Empirical Specification; B. Estimation; C. Data; IV. Results; Tables; 1. Main Results; V. Further Analysis; 2. Robustness Results; VI. Discussion and Conclusions; Appendices; A. Data; A.1. Descriptive Statistics; B. Robustness to Instrument Choice; B.1. Robustness to instrument choice: Main results; B.2. Robustness to Instrument Choice: Further Results; ReferencesSeveral transition economies have undertaken fiscal decentralization reforms over the past two decades along with liberalization, privatization, and stabilization reforms. Theory predicts that decentralization may aggravate fiscal imbalances, unless the right incentives are in place to promote fiscal discipline. This paper uses a panel of 20 transition countries over 19 years to address a central question of fact: Did privatization help to promote local governments’ fiscal discipline? The answer is clearly ‘no’ for privatization considered in isolation. However, privatization and subnational fiscal autonomy along with reforms to the banking system - restraining access to soft financing - may prove effective at improving fiscal balances among local governments.IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;No. 2012/146Decentralization in governmentPrivatizationBankingimfBanks and BankingimfBanks and bankingimfBanksimfBudget planning and preparationimfBudget SystemsimfBudgetimfBudgeting & financial managementimfBudgetingimfCommercial banksimfComparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit InstitutionsimfContracting OutimfDebt ManagementimfDebtimfDepository InstitutionsimfEconomic sectorsimfFederalismimfFinance, PublicimfFinancial institutionsimfGovernment asset and liability managementimfGovernment business enterprisesimfIntergovernmental RelationsimfMacroeconomicsimfMicro Finance InstitutionsimfMortgagesimfNational BudgetimfNationalizationimfNonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: GeneralimfPrivatizationimfPublic enterprisesimfPublic finance & taxationimfPublic FinanceimfPublic financial management (PFM)imfPublic ownershipimfSecessionimfSovereign DebtimfState and Local BorrowingimfRussian FederationimfDecentralization in government.Privatization.BankingBanks and BankingBanks and bankingBanksBudget planning and preparationBudget SystemsBudgetBudgeting & financial managementBudgetingCommercial banksComparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit InstitutionsContracting OutDebt ManagementDebtDepository InstitutionsEconomic sectorsFederalismFinance, PublicFinancial institutionsGovernment asset and liability managementGovernment business enterprisesIntergovernmental RelationsMacroeconomicsMicro Finance InstitutionsMortgagesNational BudgetNationalizationNonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: GeneralPrivatizationPublic enterprisesPublic finance & taxationPublic FinancePublic financial management (PFM)Public ownershipSecessionSovereign DebtState and Local Borrowing332.1/52Crivelli Ernesto1606357DcWaIMFBOOK9910953417803321Local Governments’ Fiscal Balance, Privatization, and Banking Sector Reform in Transition Countries4371255UNINA05359nam 2200685Ia 450 991102006430332120251116151715.09786610900817978128090081512809008149780470061190047006119797804700611830470061189(CKB)1000000000357115(EBL)297463(SSID)ssj0000098553(PQKBManifestationID)11113147(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000098553(PQKBWorkID)10133032(PQKB)10175065(MiAaPQ)EBC297463(OCoLC)181345541(Perlego)2751349(EXLCZ)99100000000035711520061031d2007 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrAdvances in fuzzy clustering and its applications /edited by J. Valente de Oliveira, W. PedryczChichester Wileyc20071 online resource (456 p.)Description based upon print version of record.9780470027608 0470027606 Includes bibliographical references and index.Advances in Fuzzy Clustering and its Applications; Contents; List of Contributors; Foreword; Preface; Part I Fundamentals 1; 1 Fundamentals of Fuzzy Clustering; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Basic Clustering Algorithms; 1.3 Distance Function Variants; 1.4 Objective Function Variants; 1.5 Update Equation Variants: Alternating Cluster Estimation; 1.6 Concluding Remarks; Acknowledgements; References; 2 Relational Fuzzy Clustering; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Object and Relational Data; 2.3 Object Data Clustering Models; 2.4 Relational Clustering; 2.5 Relational Clustering with Non-spherical Prototypes2.6 Relational Data Interpreted as Object Data2.7 Summary; 2.8 Experiments; 2.9 Conclusions; References; 3 Fuzzy Clustering with Minkowski Distance Functions; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Formalization; 3.3 The Majorizing Algorithm for Fuzzy C-means with Minkowski Distances; 3.4 The Effects of the Robustness Parameterl; 3.5 Internet Attitudes; 3.6 Conclusions; References; 4 Soft Cluster Ensembles; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Cluster Ensembles; 4.3 Soft Cluster Ensembles; 4.4 Experimental Setup; 4.5 Soft vs. Hard Cluster Ensembles; 4.6 Conclusions and Future Work; Acknowledgements; ReferencesPart II Visualization5 Aggregation and Visualization of Fuzzy Clusters Based on Fuzzy Similarity Measures; 5.1 Problem Definition; 5.2 Classical Methods for Cluster Validity and Merging; 5.3 Similarity of Fuzzy Clusters; 5.4 Visualization of Clustering Results; 5.5 Conclusions; Appendix 5A.1 Validity Indices; Appendix 5A.2 The Modified Sammon Mapping Algorithm; Acknowledgements; References; 6 Interactive Exploration of Fuzzy Clusters; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Neighborgram Clustering; 6.3 Interactive Exploration; 6.4 Parallel Universes; 6.5 Discussion; ReferencesPart III Algorithms and Computational Aspects7 Fuzzy Clustering with Participatory Learning and Applications; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Participatory Learning; 7.3 Participatory Learning in Fuzzy Clustering; 7.4 Experimental Results; 7.5 Applications; 7.6 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 8 Fuzzy Clustering of Fuzzy Data; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Informational Paradigm, Fuzziness and Complexity in Clustering Processes; 8.3 Fuzzy Data; 8.4 Fuzzy Clustering of Fuzzy Data; 8.5 An Extension: Fuzzy Clustering Models for Fuzzy Data Time Arrays; 8.6 Applicative Examples8.7 Concluding Remarks and Future PerspectivesReferences; 9 Inclusion-based Fuzzy Clustering; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Background: Fuzzy Clustering; 9.3 Construction of an Inclusion Index; 9.4 Inclusion-based Fuzzy Clustering; 9.5 Numerical Examples and Illustrations; 9.6 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; Appendix 9A.1; References; 10 Mining Diagnostic Rules Using Fuzzy Clustering; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Fuzzy Medical Diagnosis; 10.3 Interpretability in Fuzzy Medical Diagnosis; 10.4 A Framework for Mining Interpretable Diagnostic Rules; 10.5 An Illustrative Example; 10.6 Conclusive RemarksReferencesA comprehensive, coherent, and in depth presentation of the state of the art in fuzzy clustering. Fuzzy clustering is now a mature and vibrant area of research with highly innovative advanced applications. Encapsulating this through presenting a careful selection of research contributions, this book addresses timely and relevant concepts and methods, whilst identifying major challenges and recent developments in the area. Split into five clear sections, Fundamentals, Visualization, Algorithms and Computational Aspects, Real-Time and Dynamic Clustering, and Applications and Case StudiesFuzzy systemsSoft computingFuzzy systems.Soft computing.006.354.72bclOliveira J. Valente de(José Valente)1838759Pedrycz Witold1953-21029MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911020064303321Advances in fuzzy clustering and its applications4417815UNINA