05828nam 22007934a 450 991101892140332120200520144314.0978661023879897812802387961280238798978047034589404703458969780470868904047086890297804708688980470868899(CKB)1000000000356019(EBL)239474(OCoLC)77722380(SSID)ssj0000139816(PQKBManifestationID)11134778(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000139816(PQKBWorkID)10028261(PQKB)10915058(MiAaPQ)EBC239474(PPN)19059781X(Perlego)2757791(EXLCZ)99100000000035601920040128d2004 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrDiscrete distributions applications in the health sciences /Daniel ZeltermanHoboken, NJ John Wiley20041 online resource (307 p.)Wiley series in probability and statisticsDescription based upon print version of record.9780470868881 0470868880 Includes bibliographical references (p. 267-272) and index.Discrete Distributions; Contents; Preface; Acknowledgements; About the Author; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Discrete Distributions in General; 1.2 Multivariate Discrete Distributions; 1.3 Binomial Distribution; 1.4 The Multinomial Distribution; 1.5 Poisson Distribution; 1.6 Negative Binomial Distribution; 1.7 Hypergeometric Distribution; 1.7.1 Negative hypergeometric distribution; 1.7.2 Extended hypergeometric distribution; 1.8 Stirling's Approximation; 2 Maximum Negative Binomial Distribution; 2.1 Introduction; 2.1.1 Outfitting the ark; 2.1.2 Medical screening application; 2.2 Elementary Properties2.2.1 Shapes of the distribution2.2.2 Moments of the distribution; 2.2.3 Modes of the distribution; 2.3 Asymptotic Approximations; 2.3.1 Large values of c and p 1/2; 2.3.2 Large values of c and p = 1/2; 2.3.3 Extreme values of p; 2.4 Estimation of p; 2.4.1 The likelihood function; 2.4.2 The EM estimate; 2.4.3 A Bayesian estimate of p; 2.5 Programs and Numerical Results; 2.6 Appendix: The Likelihood Kernel; 3 The Maximum Negative Hypergeometric Distribution; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Distribution; 3.3 Properties and Approximations; 3.3.1 Modes of the distribution; 3.3.2 A gamma approximation3.3.3 A half-normal approximation3.3.4 A normal approximation; 3.4 Estimation; 3.5 Appendix; 3.5.1 The half-normal approximation; 3.5.2 The normal approximate distribution; 4 Univariate Discrete Distributions for Use with Twins; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Univariate Twins Distribution; 4.3 Measures of Association in Twins; 4.4 The Danish Twin Registry; 4.4.1 Estimate of the effect; 4.4.2 Approximations; 4.5 Appendix; 4.5.1 The univariate twins distribution; 4.5.2 Approximating distributions; 4.6 Programs for the Univariate Twins Distribution; 5 Multivariate Distributions for Twins5.1 Introduction5.2 Conditional Distributions; 5.2.1 Univariate conditional distribution; 5.2.2 Conditional association measure; 5.3 Conditional inference for the Danish twins; 5.4 Simultaneous Multivariate Distributions; 5.5 Multivariate Examination of the Twins; 5.6 Infinitesimal Multivariate Methods; 5.6.1 Models with no dependence; 5.6.2 Models for dependence; 5.6.3 The infinitesimal data; 5.7 Computer Programs; 5.7.1 Conditional distribution and association models in SAS; 5.7.2 Fortran program for multivariate inference; 6 Frequency Models for Family Disease Clusters; 6.1 Introduction6.1.1 Examples6.1.2 Sampling methods employed; 6.1.3 Incidence and clustering; 6.2 Exact Inference Under Homogeneous Risk; 6.2.1 Enumeration algorithm; 6.2.2 Ascertainment sampling; 6.3 Numerical Examples; 6.3.1 IPF in COPD families; 6.3.2 Childhood cancer syndrome; 6.3.3 Childhood mortality in Brazil; 6.3.4 Household T. cruzi infections; 6.4 Conclusions; 6.5 Appendix: Mathematical Details; 6.5.1 The distribution of family frequencies; 6.5.2 A model for covariates; 6.5.3 Ascertainment sampling; 6.6 Program for Exact Test of Homogeneity; 7 Sums of Dependent Bernoulli's and Disease Clusters7.1 IntroductionThere have been many advances in the theory and applications of discrete distributions in recent years. They can be applied to a wide range of problems, particularly in the health sciences, although a good understanding of their properties is very important. Discrete Distributions: Applications in the Health Sciences describes a number of new discrete distributions that arise in the statistical examination of real examples. For each example, an understanding of the issues surrounding the data provides the motivation for the subsequent development of the statistical models.ProvidWiley series in probability and statistics.Medical sciencesMathematicsMedical sciencesMathematical modelsMedicineMathematicsDistribution (Probability theory)ProbabilitiesMedical sciencesMathematics.Medical sciencesMathematical models.MedicineMathematics.Distribution (Probability theory)Probabilities.610/.1/5118Zelterman Daniel144977MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911018921403321Discrete distributions821076UNINA05324nam 2200685Ia 450 991101938230332120200520144314.09786610921683978128092168112809216849783527610945352761094497835276109523527610952(CKB)1000000000376507(EBL)481955(OCoLC)173136985(SSID)ssj0000146429(PQKBManifestationID)11137435(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000146429(PQKBWorkID)10183086(PQKB)10041352(MiAaPQ)EBC481955(Perlego)2758931(EXLCZ)99100000000037650720061204d2007 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrEnantioselective organocatalysis reactions and experimental procedures /edited by Peter I. DalkoWeinheim Wiley-VCH ;Chichester John Wiley [distributor]20071 online resource (563 p.)Description based upon print version of record.9783527315222 3527315225 Includes bibliographical references and index.Enantioselective Organocatalysis; Contents; Preface; List of Contributors; List of Abbreviations; 1 Asymmetric Organocatalysis: A New Stream in Organic Synthesis; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Historical Background; 1.3 Catalysts; 1.3.1 Privileged Catalysts; 1.3.1.1 Proline [7k, 56]; 1.3.1.2 Cinchona Alkaloids [61]; 1.3.1.3 TADDOLs and Derivatives [63]; 1.3.1.4 Binaphthol Derivatives; 1.4 Reaction Types; 1.4.1 Covalent Catalysis; 1.4.2 Non-Covalent Organocatalysis; 1.5 How This Book is Organized; References and Notes; 2 Enamine Catalysis; 2.1 Aldol and Mannich-Type Reactions; 2.1.1 Introduction2.1.2 Aldol Reactions2.1.2.1 Aldol Reactions of Alkyl Ketone Donors; 2.1.2.2 Aldol Reactions of α-Oxyketone Donors; 2.1.2.3 Aldol Reactions of Aldehyde Donors; 2.1.2.4 Aldol Reactions with Ketone Acceptors; 2.1.2.5 Intramolecular Aldol Reactions; 2.1.2.6 Mechanism and Transition States of Aldol Reactions and Effects of Water on Aldol Reactions; 2.1.2.7 Catalyst Recycling; 2.1.2.8 Catalyst Development Strategies; 2.1.3 Mannich Reactions; 2.1.3.1 Mannich-Type Reactions of Aldehyde Donors with Glyoxylate Imines; 2.1.3.2 Mannich-Type Reactions of Aldehyde Donors with Other Preformed Imines2.1.3.3 Three-Component Mannich Reactions using Aldehyde Donors2.1.3.4 Mannich-Type Reactions of Ketone Donors; References; 2.2 α-Heteroatom Functionalization; 2.2.1 Introduction; 2.2.2 Direct α-Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones; 2.2.3 Direct α-Amination of α-Cyanoacetates and β-Dicarbonyl Compounds; 2.2.4 Direct α-Oxygenation Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones; 2.2.5 Direct α-Oxygenation Reactions of β-Ketoesters; 2.2.6 Direct α-Halogenation Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones; 2.2.6.1 Direct α-Fluorination of Aldehydes; 2.2.6.2 Direct α-Fluorination of β-Ketoesters2.2.6.3 Direct α-Chlorination of Aldehydes and Ketones2.2.6.4 Direct α-Chlorination of β-Ketoesters; 2.2.6.5 Direct α-Bromination of Aldehydes and Ketones; 2.2.7 Direct α-Sulfenylation of Aldehydes; 2.2.8 Direct α-Sulfenylation of Lactones, Lactams, and β-Diketones; 2.2.9 Direct α-Selenation of Aldehydes and Ketones; References; 2.3 Direct Conjugate Additions via Enamine Activation; 2.3.1 Introduction; 2.3.2 Factors Determining the Stereoselectivity of the Organocatalytic Conjugate Additions; 2.3.3 Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins and Alkylidene Malonates; 2.3.3.1 Proline2.3.3.2 Pyrrolidine Amines and Pyrrolidine Amine Salts as Catalysts for Michael-Type Addition of Ketones to Activated Olefins2.3.3.3 Chiral Primary Amines; 2.3.3.4 Amine/Thiourea Catalysts; 2.3.4 Addition of Aldehydes to Nitroolefins and Alkylidene Malonates; 2.3.4.1 Aminopyrrolidine Catalysts; 2.3.4.2 Addition of Aldehydes and Ketones to Enones; 2.4 Conclusions; References; 3 Iminium Catalysis; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 The Catalysis Concept of Iminium Activation; 3.3 Development of the ''First-Generation'' Imidazolidinone Catalysts3.4 Development of the ''Second-Generation'' Imidazolidinone CatalystsIn this reference leaders at the forefront of research provide an insight into one of the hottest topics in organic synthesis, focusing on the most important enantioselective reactions.Clearly structured, each entry begins with a concise introduction, including a mechanistic discussion of the reaction, followed by preparative guidelines for newcomers, such as carefully selected working procedures with critical notes for bench chemists, rules of thumb and tips and tricks.Enantioselective catalysisOrganic compoundsSynthesisEnantioselective catalysis.Organic compoundsSynthesis.541.395547.1395547.2Dalko Peter I1622280MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911019382303321Enantioselective organocatalysis4422611UNINA