01800nam 2200397Ka 450 991069737490332120080807164132.0(CKB)5470000002387181(OCoLC)240789046(EXLCZ)99547000000238718120080807d2002 ua 0engtxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierIntegrating digital and conventional human-system interfaces[electronic resource] lessons learned from a control room modernization program /prepared by Emilie Roth, John O'HaraWashington, DC :Division of Systems Analysis and Regulatory Effectiveness, Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission,2002.ix, 66, 8, 3 pages digital, PDF fileTitle from title screen (viewed on Aug. 7, 2008)."Brookhaven National Laboratory, Energy Sciences and Technology Department.""Date published: September 2002.""NUREG/CR-6749.""BNL-NUREG-52638."Integrating digital and conventional human-system interfaces Nuclear power plantsControl roomsHuman factorsNuclear power plantsControl roomsHuman factors.Roth Emilie1412430O'Hara John(Of Brookhaven National Laboratory)439141U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.Division of Systems Analysis and Regulatory Effectiveness.Brookhaven National Laboratory.Energy Sciences and Technology Department.GPOGPOBOOK9910697374903321Integrating digital and conventional human-system interfaces3505958UNINA11645nam 22005653 450 991097824900332120250208060308.09781394272365139427236797813942723721394272375(CKB)37391291600041(MiAaPQ)EBC31889389(Au-PeEL)EBL31889389(OCoLC)1492309996(EXLCZ)993739129160004120250208d2025 uy 0engur|||||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierConcentrated Solar Power Systems1st ed.Newark :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,2025.©2025.1 online resource (276 pages)9781394272358 1394272359 Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Conventional Energy Sources -- 1.1 Energy Resources and Their Potential -- 1.1.1 Oil -- 1.1.2 Natural Gas -- 1.1.3 Coal -- 1.1.4 Hydropower -- 1.1.5 Nuclear Energy -- 1.2 Need for Renewable Energy Sources -- 1.3 Potential Renewable Energy Sources (RES) for Power Generation -- 1.3.1 Solar Energy -- 1.3.2 Wind Energy -- 1.3.3 Biomass Energy -- 1.3.4 Hydropower Plants -- 1.3.5 Hydropower Project Classification -- 1.3.6 Geothermal Energy and Its Potential in India Wave Energy -- 1.3.7 Wave Energy -- 1.3.8 Tidal Energy -- 1.3.9 Off‐Grid Renewable Power -- 1.3.9.1 Approaches to Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) -- 1.4 Concentrating Optics -- 1.5 Limits on Concentration -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Measurement and Estimation of Solar Irradiance -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Parabolas and Paraboloids -- 2.2.1 Practical Factors Reducing Concentration -- 2.2.1.1 Specularity Error -- 2.2.1.2 Surface Slope Error -- 2.2.1.3 Shape Error -- 2.2.1.4 Tracking Error -- 2.2.1.5 Combinations of Errors -- 2.2.1.6 Cosine Losses and End Losses -- 2.2.1.7 Focal Region Flux Distributions -- 2.2.1.8 Prediction of Focal Region Distributions -- 2.2.1.9 Losses from Receivers -- 2.2.1.10 Radiative Losses -- 2.2.1.11 Convection Losses -- 2.2.1.12 Conduction Losses -- 2.2.1.13 Energy Transport and Storage -- 2.3 Power Cycles for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems -- 2.3.1 Steam Turbines -- 2.3.2 Organic Rankine Cycles -- 2.3.3 Stirling Engines -- 2.3.4 Brayton Cycles -- 2.3.5 Concentrating Photovoltaics -- 2.3.6 Others -- 2.4 Energy Analysis and the Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 2.4.1 Heat Exchange Between Fluids -- 2.4.2 Optimization of Operating Temperature -- 2.4.3 Optimization of Aperture Size -- 2.4.4 Solar Multiple and Capacity Factor.2.4.5 Predicting Overall System Performance -- 2.4.6 Economic Analysis -- 2.4.7 Stochastic Modeling of CSP Systems -- 2.5 The Structure of the Sun -- 2.5.1 The Solar Irradiance Spectrum -- 2.5.2 Factors Affecting the Availability of Solar Energy on a Collector Surface -- 2.6 Radiation Instruments -- 2.6.1 Solar Irradiance Components -- 2.6.2 Instruments Used -- 2.6.3 Detectors for Measuring Radiation -- 2.6.4 Measuring Diffuse Radiation -- 2.7 Why Solar Energy Estimation? -- 2.8 Mathematical Models of Solar Irradiance -- 2.8.1 CPCR2 (Code for Physical Computation of Radiation, 2 Bands) Model -- 2.9 Diffuse and Global Energy -- 2.10 REST2 (Reference Evaluation of Solar Transmittance, 2 Bands) Model -- 2.11 Direct Energy -- 2.12 Diffuse and Global Energy -- 2.12.1 Reference Evaluation of Solar Transmittance Model -- 2.12.2 Estimation of Global Irradiance -- 2.12.3 Estimation of Diffuse Irradiance -- 2.13 Regression Models -- 2.14 Intelligent Modeling -- 2.15 Fuzzy Logic‐Based Modeling of Solar Irradiance -- 2.15.1 Datasets -- 2.16 Artificial Neural Network for Solar Energy Estimation -- 2.16.1 Artificial Neuron Model -- 2.16.2 Normalization of Meteorological Data -- 2.16.3 Drawbacks of Conventional ANN -- 2.17 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Parabolic‐Trough Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Commercially Available Parabolic‐Trough Collectors (PTCs) -- 3.2.1 Large PTCs -- 3.2.2 Small PTCs -- 3.2.3 Receivers -- 3.3 Existing Parabolic‐Trough Collector (PTC) Solar Thermal Power Plants -- 3.3.1 Parabolic‐Trough Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems -- 3.3.2 Design of Parabolic‐Trough Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Systems -- 3.3.2.1 Basic PTC Parameters -- 3.3.2.2 Energy Balance in a PTC -- 3.3.2.3 The Objective Function for Optimization -- 3.4 Operations and Maintenance (O&amp -- M) Costs.3.4.1 Choice of Performance Criterion -- 3.4.2 Incident, Absorbed, or Delivered Energy -- 3.4.3 Inclusion/Effect of Time‐of‐Day Pricing, Sloped Fields -- 3.5 Effect of Constraints on Optimization -- 3.6 Heliostat Factors -- 3.6.1 Heliostat Size -- 3.6.2 Focusing and Facet Canting -- 3.6.3 Off‐Axis Aberration -- 3.6.4 Effects of Tracking Mode -- 3.6.5 Effects of Heliostat Size on Heliostat Cost and Other Factors -- 3.6.6 Reflectivity and Cleanliness -- 3.7 Receiver Considerations: Cavity vs Flat vs Cylindrical Receivers -- 3.7.1 Field Constraint -- 3.7.2 Reflective, Radiative, and Thermal Loss of the Cavity -- 3.7.3 Cost and Weight -- 3.7.4 Effect of Allowable Flux Density on Design -- 3.7.5 Emissivity vs Absorptivity vs Temperature -- 3.8 Variants on the Basic Central Receiver System -- 3.8.1 Beam‐Down Systems -- 3.8.2 Use of Compound Parabolic Concentrators -- 3.8.3 Optical Beam Splitting -- 3.9 Field Layout and Land Use -- 3.9.1 Ease of Access for Maintenance -- 3.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Hybrid PV-CSP Systems -- 4.1 Hybrid Strategies -- 4.2 Noncompact Hybrid Strategies -- 4.3 Compact Hybrid Strategies -- 4.3.1 High‐Temperature Approach -- 4.3.2 Spectral Splitting -- 4.3.2.1 PV One‐Sun Approach -- 4.3.2.2 Strategies Based on the Spectral Separation of Light -- 4.3.3 Performance‐Based Comparison of the Main Hybrid Strategies -- 4.4 Hybrid PV-TS Systems -- 4.5 Innovative Hybrid Systems -- 4.5.1 Mixed Hybrid Systems -- 4.5.2 Luminescent Solar Concentrators -- 4.5.3 Very High‐Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Coupled with Photovoltaic Conversion -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Solar Fuels -- 5.1 Introduction to Solar Fuels -- 5.2 Solar Cracking and Reforming of Hydrocarbons -- 5.3 Indirect Heating Reactors -- 5.4 Solar Reforming of Natural Gas -- 5.4.1 State of the Art -- 5.5 Economic Aspects.5.6 Solar Pyrolysis and Gasification of Solid Carbonaceous Materials -- 5.6.1 State of the Art -- 5.6.2 Economic Aspects -- 5.7 Solar Fuel Production by Thermochemical Dissociation of Water and Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7.1 H2O and CO2 Dissociation -- 5.7.2 Liquid Fuel Production -- 5.7.3 Direct H2O and CO2 Thermolysis -- 5.8 Thermochemical Cycles Principle -- 5.9 Cycles with Volatile Oxides -- 5.10 Nonvolatile Oxide Cycles -- 5.11 Nonstoichiometric Oxide Cycles -- 5.11.1 Ferrite‐Based Cycles -- 5.11.2 Ceria‐Based Cycles -- 5.11.3 Perovskite Structure‐Based Cycles -- 5.12 Solar Reactor Concepts for Cycle Implementation -- 5.13 Decoupled Reactors -- 5.14 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems and Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Historical Summary -- 6.2 Fundamental Characteristics of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems -- 6.2.1 Acceptance Angle -- 6.2.2 Principles of Photovoltaic Devices -- 6.2.3 Maintenance -- 6.2.4 Energy Payback and Recyclability -- 6.3 HCPV‐Specific Characteristics -- 6.3.1 Two‐Axis Tracking -- 6.3.2 Multijunction Cells -- 6.4 LCPV‐Specific Characteristics -- 6.5 Medium Concentration Photovoltaic Devices (MCPV) -- 6.5.1 Application to the Market -- 6.6 Design of Concentrating Photovoltaic (CPV) Systems -- 6.6.1 Levelized Cost of Energy -- 6.7 General System Design Goals -- 6.7.1 System Granularity -- 6.7.1.1 Optical Method -- 6.7.1.2 Tracking Type -- 6.7.1.3 Environmental Control Methodology -- 6.7.1.4 Cell Administration -- 6.8 Introduction: Relevance of Energy Storage for Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) -- 6.8.1 Current Commercial Status of Storage Technology -- 6.8.1.1 Sensible Energy Storage -- 6.9 Liquid Storage Media: Two‐Tank Concept -- 6.10 Liquid Storage Media: Steam Accumulator -- 6.11 Solid Media Storage Concepts -- 6.12 Solid Media with Integrated Heat Exchanger.6.12.1 Packed Bed -- 6.12.2 Solid Particles -- 6.13 Latent Heat Storage Concepts -- 6.14 Phase Change Material (PCM) Concept with Extended Heat Transfer Area -- 6.15 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Hybridization of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) with Fossil Fuel Power Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Solar Hybridization Approaches -- 7.3 The Role of Different Concentrators -- 7.4 Process Integration and Design -- 7.4.1 Economic Effect -- 7.5 Hybridization Process and Arrangement -- 7.6 Case Study Design -- 7.7 Potential of Systems in China -- 7.7.1 Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) Power Plants -- 7.8 Process Integration and Design -- 7.9 Major Equipment Design -- 7.10 Typical Demonstration Plant and Project -- 7.10.1 Advanced Hybridization Systems -- 7.11 High‐Temperature Solar Air Preheating -- 7.12 Solar Thermochemical Hybridization Plant -- 7.12.1 Case Study of Medium Temperature Thermochemical Hybridization -- 7.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Grid Integration of PV Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Grid‐Connected PV Power Systems -- 8.3 Inverter Control Algorithms -- 8.4 Synchronous Reference Frame‐Based Current Controller -- 8.5 Digital PI‐Based Current Controller -- 8.6 Adaptive Notch Filter‐Based Grid Synchronization Approach -- 8.7 Modeling, Simulation, and Hardware Implementation of Controllers -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Optimization of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plant Designs Through Integrated Techno‐Economic Modeling -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Most Recent Advancements in CSP Plant Design and Simulation -- 9.2.1 Calculating Energy Yield -- 9.3 Economic Simulation -- 9.4 Solar Thermal Power Plant Design Procedure -- 9.5 Multivariable Optimization of Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Plants -- 9.6 Overview of Optimization Methods.9.7 Case Study Definition: Optimization of a Parabolic Trough Power Plant with Molten Salt Storage."This advanced level book explores both theoretical issues and offers practical perspectives on concentrated solar power (CSP), presenting a unique, single source for a complete overview of the performance assessment tools and methods currently used for CSP technology, with case studies and examples. CSP is poised to become a significant component of the future clean energy mix, and this book provides a thorough overview of this fascinating technology, including everything from the underlying science to system design, development, and applications. Encompassing a wide range of topics from traditional energy sources to the complexities of concentrating solar power technology, this comprehensive approach guarantees that readers may acquire a comprehensive comprehension of the subject."--Provided by publisher.Solar energySolar concentratorsSolar energy.Solar concentrators.621.47/2Pragathi Bellamkonda1787182Kothari D. P25590MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910978249003321Concentrated Solar Power Systems4319915UNINA