01442nam a2200361 i 450099100149211970753620020508163831.0930724s1987 mau b 001 0 eng d0262610620 (v.1)0262610639 (v.2)b10855671-39ule_instLE01309256ExL50919AMS 01-06LC QA273.A4P76The probabilistic revolutionCambridge, Mass. :MIT Press,c19872 v. ;24 cm"A Bradford book"Includes bibliographies and indexesV. 1: Ideas in history / edited by Lorenz Krüger, Lorraine J. Daston, and Michael Heidelberger.- xiv, 449 p.V. 2:Ideas in the sciences / edited by Lorenz Krüger, Gerd Gigerenzer, and Mary S. MorganProbabilitiesHistoryScienceHistorySocial sciencesHistoryKrüger, Lorenz.b1085567101-03-2228-06-02991001492119707536LE013 01-XX KRU11 V.I (1990)V. 112013000148779le013-E0.00-l- 00000.i1088590028-06-02LE013 01-XX KRU11 V.II (1990)V. 212013000148786le013-E0.00-l- 00000.i1088591228-06-02Probabilistic revolution2779879UNISALENTOle01301-01-93ma -engmau4105746oam 22007335 450 991097507890332120240404232104.09780821395264082139526210.1596/978-0-8213-9525-7(CKB)3710000000140761(EBL)1732179(SSID)ssj0001305517(PQKBManifestationID)11799414(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001305517(PQKBWorkID)11257476(PQKB)11474684(Au-PeEL)EBL1732179(CaPaEBR)ebr10886441(CaONFJC)MIL626977(OCoLC)883571368(The World Bank)18312604(US-djbf)18312604(MiAaPQ)EBC1732179(Perlego)1483539(EXLCZ)99371000000014076120140923d2014 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtrdacontentnrdamediacrBiochar systems for smallholders in developing countries leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture /Sebastian M. Scholz, Thomas Sembres, Kelli Roberts, Thea Whitman, Kelpie Wilson, and Johannes Lehmann1st ed.Washingtion, D.C. :World Bank,[2014]1 online resource (xvi, 208 pages)illustrations ;26 cmWorld Bank StudyDescription based upon print version of record.9781306957267 1306957265 9780821395257 0821395254 Includes bibliographical references.Front Cover; Contents; Acknowledgments; About the Authors; Abbreviations; Executive Summary; Introduction; Background on Biochar; Overall Opportunities and Risks of Biochar Systems; Figures; Figure ES.1 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept; Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems; Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems; Boxes; Box ES.1 Summary of Kenya Case Study; Box ES.2 Summary of Vietnam Case Study; Box ES.3 Summary of Senegal Case Study; Aspects of Technology Adoption; Potential Future Involvement of Development Institutions, Including the World Bank; Chapter 1IntroductionPotential of BiocharIncreases in Research into Biochar; Content and Purpose of Study; Figure 1.1 Acceleration of Published Research on Biochar and Charcoal; Methodology; Chapter 2Background on Biochar; Characteristics and Historical Basis of Biochar; Figure 2.1 Terra Preta Soil Pit near Manaus, Brazil, Showing Thick, Dark, Carbon-Enriched Top Layer; Biochar Systems; Figure 2.2 Biochar as a System-Defined Concept; Tables; Table 2.1 Typical Product Yields (Dry Basis) for Different Types of Thermochemical Conversion Processes That Generate Carbonaceous Residues; NoteChapter 3Opportunities and Risks of Biochar SystemsIntroduction; Impacts on Soil Health and Agricultural Productivity; Figure 3.1 Percentage Change in Crop Productivity upon Application of Biochar under Different Scenarios; Table 3.1 Possible Biochar Effects on Nitrogen Cycling; Impacts on Climate Change; Table 3.2 Direct and Indirect Sources of Biochar Emission Reductions; Figure 3.2 General Concept of the Carbon Storage Potential of Biochar Based on 1 Tonne (t) of Dry Feedstock (Slow Pyrolysis); Figure 3.3 Impact of Biochar on Climate Change MitigationFigure 3.4 Alternative Scenarios for Biomass Carbon DynamicsSocial Impacts; Competing Uses of Biomass; Table 3.3 Potential Biomass Use and Limitations; Notes; Chapter 4Survey and Typology of Biochar Systems; Survey; Classification of Biochar Systems; Figure 4.1 Distribution of Project Locations; Figure 4.2 Biochar Production Technologies; Figure 4.3 Utilization of Biochar Production Energy; Figure 4.4 Word Cloud Showing Biochar Feedstocks Most Frequently Cited by Survey Respondents; Figure 4.5 Scale of Biochar Production SystemsFigure 4.6 Typology of Biochar Systems by Type of Energy Recovery and Scale Showing Number of Projects with Each Type of Feedstock (n = 154)Figure 4.7 Summary of Dominant Biochar Typologies; Table 4.1 Biochar System Typology; Chapter 5Life-Cycle Assessment of Existing Biochar Systems; Life-Cycle Assessment: Definition and Methodology; Box 5.1 Elements of a Life-Cycle Assessment; Case Studies; Kenya Case Study Life-Cycle Assessment; Figure 5.1 Schematic Flow Diagram for Biochar Production in a Pyrolysis Cookstove System; Figure 5.2 Pyrolysis Cookstove in Kenya Case StudyTable 5.1 Primary and Secondary Feedstock Characteristics and Availability for Baseline ScenarioBiochar is the carbon-rich organic matter that remains after heating biomass under minimization of oxygen during a process called pyrolysis. Its relevance to deforestation, agricultural resilience, and energy production, particularly in developing countries, makes it an important issue. This report offers a review of what is known about opportunities and risks of biochar systems. Its aim is to provide a state of the art overview of current knowledge regarding biochar science. In that sense the report also offers a reconciling view on different scientific opinions about biochar providing an oveWorld Bank e-Library.BiocharBiomass energyBiochar.Biomass energy.333.9539Scholz Sebastian M1803757Scholz Sebastian M.DLCDLCBOOK9910975078903321Biochar systems for smallholders in developing countries4351434UNINA