03738oam 22005295 450 991097025980332120240509010121.09781464813641146481364710.1596/978-1-4648-1363-4(CKB)4100000007741512(MiAaPQ)EBC5716603(The World Bank)211363(US-djbf)211363(Perlego)1483538(EXLCZ)99410000000774151220020129d2019 uf 0engurcn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierBeyond the Gap : How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet1st ed.Washington, D.C. :The World Bank,2019.1 online resource (196 pages)Sustainable Infrastructure.9781464813634 1464813639 Overview -- Making infrastructure needs assessments useful and relevant -- Water, sanitation, and irrigation -- Power -- Transport -- Flood protection -- Infrastructure and disruptive technologies.Beyond the Gap: How Countries Can Afford the Infrastructure They Need while Protecting the Planet aims to shift the debate regarding investment needs away from a simple focus on spending more and toward a focus on spending better on the right objectives, using relevant metrics. It does so by offering a careful and systematic approach to estimating the funding needs to close the service gaps in water and sanitation, transportation, electricity, irrigation, and flood protection. Exploring thousands of scenarios, this report finds that funding needs depend on the service goals and policy choices of low- and middle-income countries and could range anywhere from 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP per year by 2030.Beyond the Gap also identifies a policy mix that will enable countries to achieve key international goals-universal access to water, sanitation, and electricity; greater mobility; improved food security; better protection from floods; and eventual full decarbonization-while limiting spending on new infrastructure to 4.5 percent of GDP per year. Importantly, the exploration of thousands of scenarios shows that infrastructure investment paths compatible with full decarbonization in the second half of the century need not cost more than more-polluting alternatives. Investment needs remain at 2 percent to 8 percent of GDP even when only the decarbonized scenarios are examined. The actual amount depends on the quality and quantity of services targeted, the timing of investments, construction costs, and complementary policies.Finally, investing in infrastructure is not enough; maintaining it also matters. Improving services requires much more than capital expenditure. Ensuring a steady flow of resources for operations and maintenance is a necessary condition for success. Good maintenance also generates substantial savings by reducing the total life-cycle cost of transport and water and sanitation infrastructure by more than 50 percent.World Bank e-Library.Infrastructure (Economics)Developing countriesSustainable developmentCost effectivenessDeveloping countriesfastInfrastructure (Economics)Sustainable developmentCost effectiveness.338.90091724Rozenberg Julie1803775Roxenberg JulieFay MarianneDJBFDJBFBOOK9910970259803321Beyond the Gap4351461UNINA05361nam 2200697Ia 450 991101892680332120200520144314.0978111839426711183942679781118394281111839428397811183942981118394291(CKB)3280000000033666(EBL)1039534(OCoLC)813844843(SSID)ssj0000770722(PQKBManifestationID)11451939(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000770722(PQKBWorkID)10791022(PQKB)10740752(MiAaPQ)EBC1039534(Perlego)1006357(EXLCZ)99328000000003366620080424d2012 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrHistory of cognitive neuroscience /M.R. Bennett and P.M.S. HackerPbk. ed.Chichester, West Sussex, ;Malden, MA. Wiley-Blackwell20121 online resource (334 p.)Description based upon print version of record.9781118346341 1118346343 9781405181822 1405181826 Includes bibliographical references and index.""Title page""; ""Copyright page""; ""Contents""; ""List of Figures""; ""List of Plates""; ""Foreword""; ""Acknowledgements""; ""Introduction""; ""1: Perceptions, Sensations and Cortical Function: Helmholtz to Singer""; ""1.1 Visual Illusions and their Interpretation by Cognitive Scientists""; ""1.1.1 Misdescription of visual illusions by cognitive scientists""; ""1.2 Gestalt Laws of Vision""; ""1.3 Split-Brain Commissurotomy; the Two Hemispheres may Operate Independently""; ""1.3.1 Misdescription of the results of commissurotomy""""1.3.2 Explaining the discoveries derived from commissurotomies""""1.4 Specificity of Cortical Neurons""; ""1.4.1 Cardinal cells""; ""1.4.2 Misdescription of experiments leading to the conception of cardinal cells""; ""1.5 Multiple Pathways Connecting Visual Cortical Modules""; ""1.6 Mental Images and Representations""; ""1.6.1 Misconceptions about images and representations""; ""1.7 What and Where Pathways in Object Recognition and Maps""; ""1.8 Misuse of the Term �Maps�""; ""1.9 The Binding Problem and 40 Hz Oscillations""""1.9.1 Misconceptions concerning the existence of a binding problem""""1.9.2 On the appropriate interpretation of synchronicity of neuronal firing in visual cortex""; ""1.10 Images and Imagining""; ""1.10.1 Misconceptions concerning images and imagining""; ""2: Attention, Awareness and Cortical Function: Helmholtz to Raichle""; ""2.1 The Concept of Attention""; ""2.2 The Psychophysics of Attention""; ""2.3 Neuroscience of Attention""; ""2.3.1 Attention and arousal""; ""2.3.2 Selective attention""; ""2.4 Attention Related to Brain Structures""; ""2.4.1 Superior colliculus""""2.4.2 Parietal cortex""""2.4.3 Visual cortex""; ""2.4.4 Auditory cortex""; ""2.5 Conclusion""; ""3: Memory and Cortical Function: Milner to Kandel""; ""3.1 Memory""; ""3.1.1 The hippocampus is required for memory, which decays at two different rates""; ""3.1.2 Memory is of two kinds: declarative and non-declarative""; ""3.1.3 Cellular and molecular studies of non-declarative memory in invertebrates""; ""3.1.4 Declarative memory and the hippocampus""; ""3.1.5 Long-term potentiation (LTP) of synaptic transmission in the hippocampus""""3.1.6 Cellular and molecular mechanisms of declarative memory in the hippocampus""""3.1.7 Summary""; ""3.2 Memory and Knowledge""; ""3.2.1 Memory""; ""3.2.2 Memory and storage""; ""3.3 The Contribution of Neuroscience to Understanding Memory""; ""4: Language and Cortical Function: Wernicke to Levelt""; ""4.1 Introduction: Psycholinguistics and the Neuroanatomy of Language""; ""4.2 The Theory of Wernicke/Lichtheim""; ""4.2.1 Introduction: Wernicke""; ""4.2.1.1 Images of sensations""; ""4.2.1.2 Movement images""; ""4.2.1.3 Voluntary movement""; ""4.2.1.4 Sound images and language""""4.2.1.5 Language acquisition, words and concepts""History of Cognitive Neuroscience documents the major neuroscientific experiments and theories over the last century and a half in the domain of cognitive neuroscience, and evaluates the cogency of the conclusions that have been drawn from them.Provides a companion work to the highly acclaimed Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience - combining scientific detail with philosophical insightsViews the evolution of brain science through the lens of its principal figures and experimentsAddresses philosophical criticism of Bennett and Hacker's previous bookAccompanied by more than 100 illustrationCognitive neuroscienceHistoryNeurosciencesHistoryCognitive neuroscienceHistory.NeurosciencesHistory.612.8233Bennett M. R1756469Hacker P. M. S(Peter Michael Stephan)896786MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9911018926803321History of cognitive neuroscience4416599UNINA