03186nam 22006735 450 99641817010331620200702145217.03-319-06540-810.1007/978-3-319-06540-3(CKB)3710000000249733(DE-He213)978-3-319-06540-3(PPN)242976115(EXLCZ)99371000000024973320190617d2020 u| 0engurnn|008mamaatxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierSemiconductor Physics[electronic resource] /by Karl W. Böer, Udo W. PohlCham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2020.1 online resource (1200 p. 1000 illus., 400 illus. in color.) Part I Bonding and Structure -- Part II Phonons -- Part III Energy Bands -- Part IV Photons -- Part V Defects -- Part VI Transport -- Part VII Generation-Recombination -- Part VIII Kinetics.This handbook gives a complete survey of the important topics and results in semiconductor physics. It addresses every fundamental principle and most research topics and areas of application in the field of semiconductor physics. Comprehensive information is provided on crystalline bulk and low-dimensional as well as amporphous semiconductors, including optical, transport, and dynamic properties.SemiconductorsOptical materialsElectronic materialsElectrical engineeringPhysicsSolid state physicsLasersPhotonicsSemiconductorshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/P25150Optical and Electronic Materialshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/Z12000Electrical Engineeringhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/T24000Applied and Technical Physicshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/P31000Solid State Physicshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/P25013Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Deviceshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/P31030Semiconductors.Optical materials.Electronic materials.Electrical engineering.Physics.Solid state physics.Lasers.Photonics.Semiconductors.Optical and Electronic Materials.Electrical Engineering.Applied and Technical Physics.Solid State Physics.Optics, Lasers, Photonics, Optical Devices.537.622Böer Karl Wauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut843075Pohl Udo Wauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/autBOOK996418170103316Semiconductor Physics2202162UNISA10445nam 2200685Ia 450 991097012710332120251116140417.09786610245949978128024594712802459489780309567855030956785897805851821790585182175(CKB)110986584750648(SSID)ssj0000236543(PQKBManifestationID)11206229(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000236543(PQKBWorkID)10173223(PQKB)10835377(MiAaPQ)EBC3377459(Au-PeEL)EBL3377459(CaPaEBR)ebr10071489(OCoLC)923270743(Perlego)4735269(EXLCZ)9911098658475064819830301d1983 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierResearch on sentencing[electronic resource] Volume II the search for reform /Alfred Blumstein ... [et al.], editors ; Panel on Sentencing Research, Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press1983-1 online resourceBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph9780309033831 0309033837 Includes bibliographies.Research on Sentencing -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1-Making Sense of Sentencing-A Review and Critique of Sentencing Research -- TWO INCIPIENT THEORIES OF SENTENCING -- DEFINITIONAL PROBLEMS IN SENTENCING RESEARCH -- METHODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN SENTENCING RESEARCH -- Alternative Measures of Sentence Severity -- Sampling Problems -- Measurement of Legitimized Influences on Criminal Sentencing -- Measurement of Nonlegitimized Influences on Sentencing -- Measurement of Contextual Effects -- THE PROBLEM OF CUMULATION -- RACE AND SENTENCING -- Clarke and Koch (1977) -- Gibson (1978) -- Hagan and Bernstein (1979) -- Kelly (1976) -- LaFree (1980) -- Lizotte (1978) -- Myers (1979) -- Pope (1975) -- Thomson and Zingraff (1981) -- Unnever, Frazier, and Henretta (1980) -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2-Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System-A Critical Appraisal of the Literature -- INTRODUCTION -- (1) The Absence of Formal Models of Processing Decisions in the Criminal Justice System -- (2) Sample Selection Biases Resulting from Screening and Processing Decisions -- (3) Use of Arbitrary Scales to Measure Qualitatively Different Dispositions -- ORGANIZATION OF THE PAPER -- THE ANALYSIS OF BINARY VARIABLES -- SELECTION -- Selection Bias -- Selection Bias at Different Processing Stages of the Criminal Justice System -- Procedures to Deal with Selection Bias -- A MODEL OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM -- Background Discussion of the Model -- Trial and Sentencing -- Plea Bargaining -- The Decision to Charge -- The Model of the Decision to Prosecute, Plea Bargaining, and Conviction and Sentencing -- REVIEW OF SELECTED STUDIES -- Sample Selection Bias -- Mixing Guilty Pleas and Trial Convictions -- Mixing Outcomes -- GENERALIZED MODELS OF SENTENCING -- Two Models of Sentencing Decisions -- Latent Variable Model of Sentencing.An Alternative Model of the Sentencing Decision -- Modeling Indeterminate Sentences -- EXPERIMENTS IN SENTENCING RESEARCH -- CONCLUSIONS -- Appendix -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 3-The Role of Extralegal Factors in Determining Criminal Case Disposition -- INTRODUCTION -- EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF DISCRIMINATION IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM -- Case Disposition and Sentencing Studies -- (1) Seriousness of the Offense -- (2) Prior Record -- (3) Type of Legal Representation -- (4) Release on Bail -- (5) Type of Conviction -- (6) Miscellaneous Factors -- (7) Discriminatory or Extralegal Factors -- The Conviction Process -- The Plea Decision -- Release on Bail -- Setting of Bail -- Choice of Legal Representation -- The Charge Decision -- The Decision to Prosecute -- Summary of the Major Findings -- BIASES INDUCED BY MEASUREMENT ERROR AND OMITTED VARIABLES -- The Statistical Consequences of Failing to Control Adequately for the Primary Determinants -- Correlations Between the Primary Determinants and Extralegal Variables -- Alternative Interpretations of Results Reported in the Literature -- Future Research Directions -- AN ILLUSTRATIVE STRUCTURAL MODEL OF CRIMINAL CASE DISPOSITIONS -- ESTIMABILITY OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE STRUCTURAL MODEL -- HOW THE ILLUSTRATIVE STRUCTURAL MODEL ALLOWS DISENTANGLING THE VARIOUS SOURCES OF RACE-OUTCOME CORRELATIONS: A HEURISTIC… -- IDENTIFICATION IN LATENT VARIABLE MODELS WITH SAMPLE SELECTION -- ADDITIONAL SPECIFICATION ISSUES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 4-Empirically Based Sentencing Guidelines and Ethical Considerations -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SIMPLEST CASE: NO ETHICALLY IRRELEVANT VARIABLES -- THE PRESENCE OF A SINGLE ETHICALLY IRRELEVANT VARIABLE: THE LINEAR CASE -- NONLINEARITIES AND MORE THAN ONE ETHICALLY IRRELEVANT VARIABLE -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES.5-The Construction of Sentencing Guidelines-A Methodological Critique -- INTRODUCTION -- THE CONCEPT OF DECISION-MAKING GUIDELINES -- (1) Ranges Rather than Points -- (2) Nonmandatory Ranges -- THE DESCRIPTION OF PAST SENTENCING PRACTICE -- PROBLEMS OF MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- Step (1) -- Step (2) -- Step (3) -- How Many Models? -- What Variables Should Be Included? -- FROM MODELS TO GUIDELINES -- The Decision to Incarcerate -- Widths of Prescribed "Normal" Ranges -- ASSESSING THE STRUCTURE AND IMPACT OF GUIDELINES -- CONCLUSIONS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 6-The Politics of Sentencing Reform-Sentencing Guidelines in Pennsylvania and Minnesota -- DISPARITY, SEVERITY, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF AUTHORITY: CENTRAL ISSUES IN SENTENCING REFORM -- LEGISLATIVE POLITICS AND SENTENCING REFORM -- Minnesota -- Pennsylvania -- THE STATUTES AND THE MANDATES OF THE COMMISSIONS -- INTERPRETING THE MANDATES AND CREATING GUIDELINES -- Membership, Leadership, and Staff -- The Guidelines: Construction Process and Their Content -- Key Elements in Designing the Guidelines -- Minnesota -- Pennsylvania -- THE POLITICS OF GUIDELINE DEVELOPMENT: THE ROLE OF INTEREST GROUPS -- CONCLUSION -- NOTES -- REFERENCES -- 7-Sentencing Reforms and Their Impacts -- INTRODUCTION -- Impacts Considered -- Innovations Considered -- ABOLITION OF PLEA BARGAINING -- Plea Bargaining Ban in Alaska -- Prosecutorial Involvement in Sentence Bargaining -- Charge Bargaining and Other Circumvention -- Consequences of the Ban on Case Processing -- Screening -- Dismissals of Cases -- Method of Disposition -- Sanctions Policies -- Disposition Time -- Conclusion -- Participants' Reactions -- Was the Ban a Good Thing? -- Implications of the Alaska Experience -- The "Hampton" County Charge Bargaining Ban -- Screening -- Dismissals -- Sanctions -- Practitioners' Reactions -- Conclusion -- Michigan -- Dispositions.Adaptive Responses -- MANDATORY SENTENCING LAWS -- Michigan -- Arrest and Case Screening -- Dismissal and Conviction Rates -- Sanctioning Rates -- Trial Rates -- Massachusetts -- Arrests and Prosecutorial Screening -- Dismissal and Conviction -- Sanctions and Delay -- New York -- Dismissal -- Incarceration Rates -- Severity of Prison Sentences -- Trial Rates -- Delays in Court -- Conclusion -- DETERMINATE SENTENCING IN CALIFORNIA -- Description of the California Uniform Determinate Sentencing Law -- Formal Compliance With DSL -- Selection of Base Terms -- Enhancements -- Probation Ineligibility -- Charging -- Plea Bargaining After DSL -- Patterns and Trends in Plea Bargaining -- Guilty Plea Rates -- Timing of Guilty Pleas -- Variations in Plea Bargaining Practices -- Impact on Prison Use -- Trends in Prison Use -- Factors Contributing to Increased Prison Use -- Changes in Probation Subsidies -- Changes in Case Filtering -- Demographic Changes -- Increases in Punitiveness -- Impact on Length of Terms -- Length of Prison Terms -- Variability in Prison Terms -- Implications for the Size of the Prison Population -- Conclusions -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- Guideline Types -- Formal Compliance -- Voluntary/Descriptive Guidelines -- Presumptive/Prescriptive Guidelines -- Variability in Sentences -- Case Processing -- Prison Use -- Conclusion -- PAROLE REFORMS -- Parole Abolition -- Parole Guidelines -- Severity -- Accuracy -- Variability -- Disparity Reduction -- CONCLUSION -- Substantive Findings -- Procedural Compliance -- Adaptive Responses -- Marginal Cases -- Methodological Concerns -- The Necessity for Extended Observation Periods -- The Necessity for Outcome Measures at All Levels of Case Processing -- The Necessity for Adequate Controls for Changes in Case Attributes -- The Necessity for Qualitative Analysis of System Functioning -- NOTES.REFERENCES -- 8-The Impact of Changes in Sentencing Policy on Prison Populations -- THE NEED FOR ESTIMATES -- PROJECTION OF FUTURE PRISON POPULATIONS AS A BASELINE FOR THE IMPACT ESTIMATE -- Naive Projection-Current Situation as a Baseline -- Extrapolation of the Time Series of Prison Populations -- Multivariate Regression -- Projections Based on Demographic-Specific Incarceration Rates -- Disaggregated Flow Models -- Microsimulation Models -- IMPACT ESTIMATION -- Identification of Population Subsets -- Establishment of Values of Policy Variables -- Behavioral Response to the New Policy -- Calculation of the Effects of the Sentencing Policy Change -- Estimation of the Impact of a Mandatory Minimum Sentencing Bill -- SUMMARY AND FURTHER RESEARCH NEEDS -- NOTES -- REFERENCES.Sentences (Criminal procedure)United StatesSentences (Criminal procedure)United StatesStatesSentences (Criminal procedure)Sentences (Criminal procedure)States.345.73/0772347.305772Blumstein Alfred1788731National Research Council (U.S.)MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910970127103321Research on sentencing4323895UNINA02823nam 2200685 a 450 991097417240332120251116172925.01-135-35547-91-135-35548-71-280-28188-X97866102818860-203-40341-X10.4324/9780203403419(CKB)1000000000252683(EBL)178950(OCoLC)69944861(SSID)ssj0000306304(PQKBManifestationID)11273432(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000306304(PQKBWorkID)10298874(PQKB)11112287(MiAaPQ)EBC178950(Au-PeEL)EBL178950(CaPaEBR)ebr10163214(CaONFJC)MIL28188(OCoLC)320814035(FlBoTFG)9780203403419(PPN)167998080(EXLCZ)99100000000025268320050927d2005 uy 0engur||####|||||txtccrA political and economic dictionary of Western Europe /Claire Annesley1st ed.London ;New York Routledge20051 online resource (377 p.)Europa political and economic dictionaries series"An essential guide to the politics and economics of Western Europe"--Cover.1-85743-214-2 Includes bibliographical references and index.A Political and Economic Dictionary of Western Europe is an invaluable guide for those seeking clarification of terms, or a quick reference source. The range of entries is broad and encompasses the recent history and economy of each country of the region as well as political parties, geographical features, prominent individuals, international organizations and key businesses. It provides over 600 key definitions and presents an overview of the changing political dimensions of Western Europe and its relations with the European Union.Europa political and economic dictionaries series.Europe, WesternPolitics and governmentDictionariesEurope, WesternEconomic conditionsDictionariesEurope, WesternEconomic policyDictionariesEurope de l'OuestPolitique economiqueDictionnaires anglaisEurope de l'OuestConditions economiquesDictionnaires anglaisEurope de l'OuestPolitique et gouvernementDictionnaires anglais940.03Annesley Claire1882238MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910974172403321A political and economic dictionary of Western Europe4497353UNINA