01171nam--2200373---450-9900003646302033160036463USA010036463(ALEPH)000036463USA01003646320010319d1987----km-y0itay0103----baengUS||||||||001yyStructured FORTRAN 77 for engineers and scientistD. M. Etter2nd. ed.Menlo Park, Cal.Benjamin-Cunningsc1987XXI, 519 p.ill.23 cmBenjamin-Cunnings series in structured programming2001Benjamin-Cunnings series in structured programming001-------2001001.6424ETTER,D.M.27476ITsalbcISBD990000364630203316001.642 4 ETT1136300100105852BKSCIPATTY9020010319USA011057PATTY9020010320USA01143620020403USA011644PATRY9020040406USA011625Structured FORTRAN 77 for engineers and scientist877113UNISA05509oam 22012614 450 991096984690332120250426110723.0978661284387797814623809921462380999978145276217314527621719781451873238145187323997812828438751282843877(CKB)3170000000055326(EBL)1608405(SSID)ssj0000939950(PQKBManifestationID)11518974(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000939950(PQKBWorkID)10946354(PQKB)10037270(OCoLC)450034800(IMF)WPIEE2009176(MiAaPQ)EBC1608405(IMF)WPIEA2009176WPIEA2009176(EXLCZ)99317000000005532620020129d2009 uf 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrTourism Specialization and Economic Development : Evidence from the UNESCO World Heritage List /John Piotrowski, Rabah Arezki, Reda Cherif1st ed.Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,2009.1 online resource (26 p.)IMF Working Papers"July 2009."9781451917499 145191749X Includes bibliographical references.Contents; I. Introduction; Figures; 1. Economic Growth and Tourism Specialization; II. UNESCO World Heritage List as An Instrument for Tourism Specialization; 2. UNESCO World Heritage Around the World; Tables; 1. Regional and Historical Distribution of World Heritage Sites (2002); 2. Correlation Between Total UNESCO World Heritage Sites and Average UN Voting Coincidence, 1980-2000; III. Empirical Investigation; A. Data and Specification; B. Results; 3. Benchmark Regressions; C. Robustness; IV. Conclusion; Appendixes; I. Data Description and Sources; Appendix Tables; 1. Data Description2. Countries Included in the SampleII. Additional Robustness Checks; 3. Robustness using Various WHL; 4. Robustness to Using Only Cultural Sites; 5. Robustness to Removing various Centuries from the WHL; 6. Robustness to Using Additional Instruments for Tourism; 7. Robustness to using Different Measures of GDP; ReferencesThe present paper investigates whether tourism specialization is a viable strategy for development. We estimate standard growth equations augmented with a variable measuring tourism specialization using instrumental variables techniques for a large cross-section of countries for the period 1980-2002. We introduce an instrument for tourism based on the UNESCO World Heritage List. We find that there is a positive relationship between the extent of tourism specialization and economic growth. An increase of one standard deviation in the share of tourism in exports leads to about 0.5 percentage point in additional annual growth, everything else being constant. Our result holds against a large array of robustness checks.IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;No. 2009/176TourismEconomic developmentCurrencyimfEducationimfEducation: GeneralimfExpenditures, PublicimfForeign ExchangeimfForeign exchangeimfGamblingimfHospitality, leisure & tourism industriesimfIncomeimfIndustries: Hospital,Travel and TourismimfMacroeconomicsimfNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: GeneralimfPersonal incomeimfPersonal Income, Wealth, and Their DistributionsimfPublic expenditure reviewimfPublic finance & taxationimfPublic FinanceimfPurchasing power parityimfRecreationimfRestaurantsimfSportsimfTourismimfUnited StatesimfTourism.Economic development.CurrencyEducationEducation: GeneralExpenditures, PublicForeign ExchangeForeign exchangeGamblingHospitality, leisure & tourism industriesIncomeIndustries: Hospital,Travel and TourismMacroeconomicsNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: GeneralPersonal incomePersonal Income, Wealth, and Their DistributionsPublic expenditure reviewPublic finance & taxationPublic FinancePurchasing power parityRecreationRestaurantsSportsTourism301.24Piotrowski John1815743Arezki Rabah1805364Cherif Reda1815744IMF Institute.International Monetary Fund.Fiscal Affairs Dept.DcWaIMFBOOK9910969846903321Tourism Specialization and Economic Development4371248UNINA