01713nam a2200373 i 450099100245721970753620250130094541.0070522m19691970it er 001 0 ita db13530008-39ule_instBibl. Dip.le Aggr. Studi Umanistici - Sez. FilosofiaitaSocioculturale Scsitaeng410.123Chomsky, Noam27033Saggi linguistici /Noam ChomskyTorino :Boringhieri,1969-19703 volumi ;22 cmBiblioteca di cultura scientifica1. L'analisi formale del linguaggio. - 2. La grammatica generativa trasformazionale. - 3. Filosofia del linguaggio: ricerche teoriche e storiche.2: Lagrammatica generativa trasformazionale. -1970. -350 p.LinguisticaTeorieFilosofia del linguaggioGrammatica generativaL'analisi formale del linguaggioFilosofia del linguaggio: ricerche teoriche e storicheLa grammatica generativa trasformazionaleBiblioteca di cultura scientifica.b1353000809-03-2222-05-07991002457219707536LE005 FONDO MURARO 80 v. 112005000182860le005-E20.00-l-00000.i1445762322-05-07LE005 FONDO MURARO 80 v. 212005000182877le005-E20.00-l-00000.i1445763522-05-07LE005 FONDO MURARO 80 v. 312005000182884le005-E20.00-l-00000.i1445764722-05-07Saggi linguistici96632UNISALENTOle00522-05-07ma-itait0009572nam 2200685 a 450 991096541150332120250212222150.09786610245901978128024590912802459059780309563925030956392597805851949670585194963(CKB)110986584750638(SSID)ssj0000236544(PQKBManifestationID)11240130(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000236544(PQKBWorkID)10172817(PQKB)10892000(MiAaPQ)EBC3377073(Au-PeEL)EBL3377073(CaPaEBR)ebr10068305(CaONFJC)MIL24590(OCoLC)923268100(Perlego)4734840(EXLCZ)9911098658475063819830301g19839999 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrResearch on sentencing the search for reform /Alfred Blumstein ... [et al.], editors ; Panel on Sentencing Research, Committee on Research on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press1983-v. <1>Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph9780309033473 0309033470 Bibliography: v. 1, p. 283-307.Research on Sentencing: The Search for Reform -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- BACKGROUND -- The Sentencing Reform Movement -- Goals of Sentencing -- SCOPE OF THE STUDY -- DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- INTRODUCTION: DISCRIMINATION AND DISPARITY -- THE RANGE OF VARIABLES CONSIDERED AND THEIR EXPLANATORY POWER -- THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- DISCRIMINATION BY RACE -- Prison Populations -- The Sentencing Process -- DISCRIMINATION BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS -- DISCRIMINATION BY SEX -- CASE-PROCESSING VARIABLES -- DISPARITY -- STRUCTURING SENTENCING DECISIONS -- POLICY AND TECHNICAL CHOICES -- DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING NEW SENTENCING POLICIES -- ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF NEW SENTENCING POLICIES -- THE RESULTS OF REFORMS -- THE METHODOLOGY OF IMPACT STUDIES -- SENTENCING POLICIES AND PRISON POPULATIONS -- RESEARCH AGENDA -- SENTENCING PRACTICE AND BEHAVIOR -- ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN SENTENCING POLICY -- NATURAL EXPERIMENTS TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF SENTENCING CHANGES -- 1 Introduction: Sentencing Practices and the Sentencing Reform Movement -- THE PROCESSES THAT CONSTITUTE SENTENCING -- VICTIMS AND WITNESSES -- POLICE -- PROSECUTORS -- JUDGES -- PAROLE BOARDS -- CORRECTIONS ADMINISTRATORS -- EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY: COMMUTATIONS AND PARDONS -- LEGISLATURES -- THE SYSTEM AS A WHOLE -- THE GOALS OF CRIMINAL SANCTIONS -- NORMATIVE GOALS -- FUNCTIONAL GOALS -- AMERICAN SENTENCING IN COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- CONTEMPORARY AMERICAN SENTENCING -- Prosecutors -- Parole Boards -- Trial Judges -- EUROPEAN SENTENCING SYSTEMS -- Plea Bargaining -- Parole -- Appellate Sentence Review -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF AMERICAN SENTENCING STRUCTURES AND EFFORTS TO REFORM THEM -- Colonial America -- 1790-1820: Reform of the Law -- 1820-1900: Emphasis on Prisons -- 1900-1970: The Rehabilitative Model.THE CURRENT SENTENCING REFORM MOVEMENT -- Prison Uprisings and the Civil Rights Movement -- The Philosophy of Rights and Control of Discretion -- Demand for Accountability -- Rejection of Rehabilitation -- Disparity and Discrimination -- Crime Control -- The Role of Social Science Research in Sentencing Changes -- SCOPE OF THIS REPORT -- 2 Determinants of Sentences -- ISSUES -- THE RANGE OF VARIABLES CONSIDERED AS DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- DISCRIMINATION AND DISPARITY -- Discrimination -- Disparity -- ALTERNATE METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO ANALYSES OF SENTENCING -- Observation and Interviews -- Experiments -- Statistical and Combined Approaches -- FINDINGS -- METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS -- THE PRIMARY DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- Offense Seriousness -- Offender's Prior Record -- Methodological Issues -- DISCRIMINATION BY RACE -- Prison Populations -- Studies of Sentencing -- Measurement Errors and Their Consequences -- DISCRIMINATION BY SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS -- DISCRIMINATION BY SEX -- CASE-PROCESSING VARIABLES -- DISPARITY -- CONCLUSION -- 3 Structuring Sentencing Decisions -- THE VARIETY OF INNOVATIONS -- THE RETREAT FROM INDETERMINACY -- CLASSIFICATION OF OFFENSES -- REASONS REQUIREMENTS AND PRESUMPTIONS -- SENTENCING INSTITUTES -- SENTENCING COUNCILS -- ABOLITION OR REGULATION OF PLEA NEGOTIATION -- MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCES -- STATUTORY DETERMINATE SENTENCING LAWS (ABOLITION OF PAROLE) -- PRESUMPTIVE/PRESCRIPTIVE SENTENCING GUIDELINES AND SENTENCING COMMISSIONS -- VOLUNTARY/DESCRIPTIVE SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE GUIDELINES -- APPELLATE SENTENCE REVIEW -- DEVELOPING GUIDELINES: MODELING AND DATA ISSUES -- MODELING PAST PRACTICE -- USING EMPIRICAL DATA -- DATA DEFINITION -- Data Collection -- Sample Design -- DEVELOPING GUIDELINES: POLICY AND TECHNICAL CHOICES -- UNAVOIDABLE POLICY CHOICES -- The Guidelines Offense -- Guilty-Plea Discounts.Social Variables -- Urban/Rural Differences -- Comment -- PRACTICAL ISSUES IN STRUCTURING SENTENCING DISCRETION -- Approaches for Formatting and Presenting Sentencing Standards -- Organizing Principles of Guidelines Matrices -- Linking Offender Score to Current Offense -- Specificity of Sentencing Standards -- Philosophical Implications -- THE PROCESSES OF DEVELOPING, IMPLEMENTING, AND ENFORCING NEW SENTENCING STANDARDS -- DEVELOPMENT PROCESSES AND IMPLEMENTATION -- ENFORCEMENT -- Legal Authority -- Review Mechanisms -- 4 Sentencing Reforms and Their Effects -- COMPLIANCE WITH SENTENCING REFORMS -- ABOLITION OF PLEA BARGAINING -- MANDATORY SENTENCING LAWS -- DETERMINATE SENTENCING IN CALIFORNIA -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE REFORMS -- Parole Abolition -- Parole Guidelines -- ADAPTIVE RESPONSES TO SENTENCING REFORMS -- ADAPTATIONS TO PLEA-BARGAINING BANS -- Alaska -- "Hampton" County -- Wayne County, Michigan -- MANDATORY SENTENCING LAWS -- CALIFORNIA'S DETERMINATE SENTENCING LAW -- Charging -- Plea Bargaining -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE GUIDELINES -- THE USE AND SEVERITY OF SANCTIONS -- PLEA-BARGAINING BANS -- MANDATORY MINIMUM SENTENCING LAWS -- CALIFORNIA'S DETERMINATE SENTENCING LAW -- Trends in Prison Use -- Factors Contributing to Increased Prison Use -- Impact on Length and Disparity of Prison Terms -- SENTENCING GUIDELINES -- PAROLE GUIDELINES -- Departure Rates -- Changes in Disparity and Severity -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUBSTANTIVE FINDINGS -- Formal Compliance -- Adaptive Responses -- Sentencing Outcomes, Disparity, and Marginal Cases -- METHODOLOGICAL CONCERNS -- The Need for Extended Observation Periods -- The Need for Outcome Measures at All Levels of Case Processing -- The Need for Adequate Controls for Changes in Case Attributes -- The Need for Qualitative Analysis of System Functioning.5 Sentencing Policies and Their Impact on Prison Populations -- CHANGES IN PRISON POPULATIONS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS -- INCREASES IN PRISON POPULATIONS -- PRISON CAPACITY AND CONDITIONS OF CONFINEMENT -- Inmate Health and Behavior -- Determinate Sentencing and Institutional Programs -- Inmate Misconduct, Disciplinary Procedures, and Determinate Sentencing -- PROJECTION OF PRISON POPULATIONS: NEED, TECHNOLOGY, AND USES -- NEED FOR PROJECTIONS OF PRISON POPULATIONS -- PROJECTION METHODS: THEIR USES AND SHORTCOMINGS -- Naive Projections Using the Existing Situation as a Baseline -- Extrapolations of Time-Series Data -- Use of Predictor Variables -- Projections Based on Demographic-Specific Incarceration Rates -- Disaggregated Flow Models -- Microsimulation Models -- ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF SENTENCING POLICY CHANGES ON PRISON POPULATIONS -- ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES FOR HANDLING INCREASING PRISON POPULATIONS -- INCREASING PRISON CAPACITY: THE POPULATION-CONSTRUCTION NEXUS -- ALTERNATIVES TO INCARCERATION -- MECHANISMS TO CONTROL INFLOW AND RELEASE OF PRISONERS -- IMPACT OF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIES -- 6 Research Agenda for the Study of Sentencing -- GENERAL RESEARCH STRATEGY -- A BALANCED PROGRAM -- CAPITALIZING ON NATURAL EXPERIMENTS: THE IMPORTANCE OF TIMING -- DATA NEEDS -- DIVERSIFYING RESEARCH APPROACHES -- DETERMINANTS OF SENTENCES -- DISCRIMINATION -- CASE-PROCESSING VARIABLES -- DISPARITY -- PUBLIC OPINION -- RESEARCH APPROACHES -- STRUCTURING SENTENCING DECISIONS -- PREDICTION RESEARCH AND SELECTIVE INCAPACITATION -- APPELLATE REVIEW -- IMPLEMENTATION OF NEW POLICIES -- EFFECTS OF SENTENCING REFORMS -- SENTENCING POLICY AND PRISONS -- References -- APPENDIX A Participants, Conference on Sentencing Research -- APPENDIX B Biographical Sketches, Panel Members and Staff.Sentences (Criminal procedure)United StatesSentences (Criminal procedure)United StatesStatesSentences (Criminal procedure)Sentences (Criminal procedure)States.345.73/0772347.305772Blumstein Alfred1788731National Research Council (U.S.).Panel on Sentencing Research.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910965411503321Research on sentencing4323895UNINA