07871nam 2200733 a 450 991096201660332120251116140727.0978661019285497803091760190309176018978128019285212801928529780309552868030955286997805850288730585028877(CKB)110986584751692(OCoLC)42329412(CaPaEBR)ebrary10062735(SSID)ssj0000110362(PQKBManifestationID)11141169(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000110362(PQKBWorkID)10063826(PQKB)10945919(MiAaPQ)EBC3376907(Au-PeEL)EBL3376907(CaPaEBR)ebr10062735(OCoLC)847526482(Perlego)4736155(BIP)47112305(EXLCZ)9911098658475169219951213d1996 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrThe Bering Sea ecosystem /Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem, Polar Research Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19961 online resource (317 p.) Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph9780309053457 0309053455 Includes bibliographical references (p. 260-303).The Bering Sea Ecosystem -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- CHANGES IN THE BERING SEA ECOSYSTEM -- CAUSE AND EFFECT IN THE BERING SEA: THE CASCADE HYPOTHESIS -- DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAINING INFORMATION -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Research Recommendations -- Management and Institutional Recommendations -- Recommendation to Reverse Declines in Marine Mammals and Birds -- THE FUTURE -- 1 Introduction -- THE PROBLEM -- THIS STUDY -- 2 Marine Ecosystems: A Conceptual Framework -- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK -- Ecosystems and the Concept of Order -- Cascading Trophic Interactions in Ecosystems -- The Effects of Climate on Structuring Marine Ecosystems -- Summary -- OCEANIC AND TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS -- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS -- THE CONDITION OF AN ECOSYSTEM -- ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT -- THE BERING SEA ECOSYSTEM AND ITS ANALOGS -- DELINEATION OF THE BERING SEA ECOSYSTEM -- 3 The Bering Sea Ecosystem: Geology, Physics, Chemistry, and Biology of Lower Trophic Levels -- MARINE GEOLOGY -- Sediments -- Coastal Geography -- PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHIC STRUCTURE -- Physical Characteristics and Bathymetry of the Northern North Pacific and Bering Sea -- The Basins -- Gulf of Alaska Circulation -- Bering Sea Circulation and Hydrographic Structure -- Sea Ice -- Marine Chemistry of the North Pacific and Bering Sea -- Sources and Magnitude of Variability -- Atmospheric Forcing and Ocean Circulation -- Ocean Temperature -- Ice -- Summary -- PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PRODUCTION -- Water Column Primary Production -- Continental Shelf -- Basin -- Shelf Break -- Aleutian Island Arc -- Water Column Secondary Production -- Sources and Magnitude of Variability -- BIOLOGY OF LOWER TROPHIC LEVELS -- Benthic Production -- Sources and Magnitude of Variability -- 4 Biology of Higher Trophic Levels -- INVERTEBRATES -- Life History and Distribution.Squid (Berryteuthis sp. and Gonatus sp.) -- King Crab (Paralithodes spp. and Lithodes sp.) -- Tanner Crab (Chionoecetes spp.) -- Hair Crab (Erimacrus Isenbeckii) -- Shrimp (Family Pandalidae) -- Scallops (Family Pectinidae) -- FINFISH -- Life History, Distribution, and Variability -- Walleye Pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) -- Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) -- Sablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) -- Atka Mackerel (Pleurogrammus monopterygius) -- Yellowfin Sole (Limanda aspera) -- Greenland Turbot (Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) -- Pacific Halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) -- Other Flatfishes (Family Pleuronectidae) -- Pacific Ocean Perch (Sebastes alutus) -- Other Rockfishes (Family Scorpaenidae) -- Pacific Herring (Clupea harengus pallasi) -- Pacific Sand Lance (Ammodytes Hexapterus) -- Capelin (Mallotus villosus) -- Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) -- BIRDS -- Life History and Distribution -- Sources and Magnitude of Variability -- Prey Availability -- Productivity -- Die-Offs -- Abundance -- Introduced Mammals -- Gill Net Mortality -- Consumption of Plastic Particles -- Oiling -- Hunting -- MARINE MAMMALS -- Life History and Distribution -- Steller Sea Lion -- Northern Fur Seal -- Harbor Seal -- Baleen Whales -- DISCUSSION OF POPULATION DECLINES -- Disease -- Pollution -- Entanglements -- Human Disturbance and Takings -- Predation -- Direct Climate Effects on Survival -- Life History Patterns -- Food -- Fishery Effects on Pinniped Foods -- Diets and Food Limitation -- Other Evidence of Food Limitation -- Northern Fur Seals -- Steller Sea Lions -- Harbor Seals -- 5 Human Use-Fisheries -- FISH AND INVERTEBRATES -- Eastern Bering Sea, Aleutian Islands, and Aleutian Basin -- Finfish -- Invertebrates -- General Management Issues -- Western Bering Sea -- Finfish -- Summary (Pelagic Fish Community). -- Demersal Communities. -- Invertebrates.MARINE MAMMALS (AND BIRDS) -- Management Systems -- INTERACTIONS OF INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS WITH MARINE ECOSYSTEMS -- Russia -- United States-Alaska -- Accounts of Harvesting by Species and Species-Groups -- Steller Sea Lion -- Northern Fur Seal -- Harbor Seal -- Ice-Associated Seals -- Walrus -- Sea Otter -- Whales -- 6 Causes and Effects in the Bering Sea Ecosystem -- ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABILITY -- Natural Frequencies in the Environment -- Environmental Effects on Marine Mammals and Birds -- Bering Sea Fish (Invertebrates) and Fisheries -- HUMAN EFFECTS -- Pollution -- Offshore Oil and Gas Development -- Direct Effects of Extractive Resource Use -- Indirect Effects of Extractive Resource Use -- THE "CASCADE HYPOTHESIS" AND THE BERING SEA ECOSYSTEM -- Marine Mammals -- Seabirds -- Fish and Invertebrates -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSIONS -- 7 Implications for Management Policy and Institutional Arrangements -- THE BERING SEA ECOSYSTEM AS AN ASSET -- Management Policy and Wise Use of the Ecological Asset -- IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT -- 8 Gaps in Knowledge and Recommendations -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Research -- Adaptive Management -- Research to Improve Understanding of the Ecosystem -- Management and Institutional Recommendations -- Institutions -- Specific Action to Reverse Declines in Marine Mammals and Birds -- THE FUTURE -- References -- Appendix A Biographical Sketches of the Committee Members -- Appendix B Organizations and Individuals that Provided Information to the Committee -- WORKSHOP SEPTEMBER 22-24, 1994 ANCHORAGE, ALASKA -- WORKSHOP DECEMBER 1-3, 1993 SEATTLE, WASHINGTON -- ADDITIONAL PARTICIPANTS -- SPONSORS.The 12 member committee commissioned by the National Research Council reviewed research documents and heard presentations from a wide variety of sources and organizations while compiling this authoritative review of the Bering Sea ecosystem status and their recommendations for its preservation. TheMarine ecologyBering SeaEcosystem managementBering SeaMarine resources conservationBering SeaMarine ecologyEcosystem managementMarine resources conservation574.5/2636/0916451National Research Council (U.S.).Committee on the Bering Sea Ecosystem.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910962016603321The Bering Sea ecosystem4357031UNINA