09173nam 2200745 a 450 991096179700332120251116140658.09786610211029978128021102712802110249780309586832030958683697805850848620585084866(CKB)110986584751442(OCoLC)44964384(CaPaEBR)ebrary10055652(SSID)ssj0000230825(PQKBManifestationID)11190435(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000230825(PQKBWorkID)10197662(PQKB)11130359(MiAaPQ)EBC3376421(Au-PeEL)EBL3376421(CaPaEBR)ebr10055652(CaONFJC)MIL21102(OCoLC)923263608(Perlego)4739198(BIP)1316269(EXLCZ)9911098658475144219940526d1994 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrPurposeful jettison of petroleum cargo /Committee on Marine Salvage Issues, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19941 online resource (215 p.) Includes proceedings of the Symposium on the Purposeful Jettison of Petroleum Cargo, held February 23, 1993."B-344"--T.p. verso.9780309050814 0309050812 Includes bibliographical references.PURPOSEFUL JETTISON OF PETROLEUM CARGO -- Copyright -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- JETTISON REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- SUMMARY OF SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS -- History and Technical Background -- Legal Problems Concerning Jettison -- OTHER COMMENTS -- Considerations in Making Time-Critical Decisions -- Panel #1: Decision-Making Criteria -- Panel #2: A Regional Response Team's Decision-Making Exercise -- ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMITTEE ON MARINE SALVAGE ISSUES -- OPENING OF THE SYMPOSIUM AND WELCOME FROM SPONSORS -- SYMPOSIUM OBJECTIVES AND ORGANIZATION -- WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE U.S. COAST GUARD -- WELCOME ADDRESS FROM THE U.S. NAVY SUPERVISOR OF SALVAGE -- PART I: HISTORY AND TECHNICAL BACKGROUND -- THE SIGNIFICANCE OF JETTISONING: OIL ON TROUBLED WATERS -- ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO -- THE TWENTIETH CENTURY -- OIL ON TROUBLED WATERS -- JETTISON FROM STRANDED TANKERS -- REFLOATING TANKERS -- LIGHTENING OF TANKERS -- REQUIREMENTS FOR SUCCESSFUL LIGHTENING -- THE LEAST OF THE EVILS -- CONCLUSION -- ENVIRONMENTAL RISK AS A FUNCTION OF OIL SPILL SIZE -- PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL VARIABLES -- PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS -- CONTAINMENT AND RECOVERY -- Weathering Processes -- Spill Response Techniques -- In Situ Burning -- Dispersants -- Mechanical Recovery Measures -- Spill-size Relationships -- SHORELINE CHARACTERISTICS -- BIOLOGICAL FACTORS -- Microbial Effects and Biodegradation -- Phytoplankton -- Zooplankton -- Benthic Invertebrates -- Macroalgae -- Fish -- Seabirds -- Marine Mammals -- CONCLUSIONS -- OIL SPILL TRAJECTORY MODELING -- HOW MODELS WORK -- TYPES OF MODELS -- LIMITATIONS TO MODEL ACCURACY -- HOW MODELS ARE USED -- DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE SPEAKERS -- QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO MR. ELLIS.QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO DR. ENGELHARDT -- QUESTIONS ADDRESSED TO DR. GALT -- PART II: LEGAL STATUS OF JETTISONING -- MARINE SALVAGE: NEW LAWS AFFECTING THE JETTISONING OF OIL -- SALVAGE LAW -- Current Law -- RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN SALVAGE LAW -- UNITED STATES OIL PLLUTION LAWS -- The Federal Scheme -- Salvage Operations in Navigable Waters -- Salvage Operations in the Exclusive Economic Zone -- Salvage Operations Involving Hazardous Substances -- State Laws -- EFFECT OF UNITED STATES OIL POLLUTION LAWS ON SALVAGE -- MAJOR ISSUES FOR SALVORS -- Compensation -- Salvor's Responsibility to Vessel Owner -- Third Party Liability of Salvors -- CONCLUSION -- ADDENDUM A: EXAMPLES OF STATE OIL POLLUTION LAW -- West Coast -- Alaska -- California -- Oregon -- Washington -- Gulf Coast -- Florida -- Louisiana -- Texas -- Great Lakes -- Illinois -- Michigan -- Wisconsin -- East Coast -- Maine -- Massachusetts -- New Jersey -- Rhode Island -- ADDENDUM B: COMPILATION OF IL SPILL LIABILITY STATUTES OF THE COASTAL STATES -- ADDENDUM C: SALVAGE OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES OTHER THAN OIL -- FWPCA -- CERCLA -- COMMENTARY ON THE DELIBERATE DISCHARGE OF OIL DURING MARINE SALVAGE OPERATIONS -- JETTISONING UNDER DIRECTION OF THE UNITED STATES -- LIABILITY OF THE UNITED STATES -- INTO OR UPON," "A THREAT OF DISCHARGE," AND LIABILITY -- OPA AND THE LIMITATION OF LIABILITY ACT -- STATE LAWS AND LIMITATION OF LIABILITY -- PREEMPTION, LIMITATION OF LIABILITY, AND THE IMPOSITION OF ADDITIONAL LIABILITY -- CONCLUSION -- NEW LAWS AFFECTING THE JETTISONING OF OIL: PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTION AND A SALVOR'S STANDARD OF CARE -- SUMMARY CONCLUSION -- JETTISON DIRECTED BY THE FEDERAL ON-SCENE COORDINATOR IS PERMITTED -- Presidential Authority to "Direct" a Jettison -- OPA 90 Removal Provisions- -- Responsibility and Authority to "Direct" Efforts -- Intervention on the High Seas Act.Jettisoning of Oil Cargo is within OPA and Intervention Act Removal Authority -- National and Area Contingency Plans- Incorporation of Jettisoning as a Mitigation or Prevention Measure -- President's Authority to Amend Definition of Harmful Quantity Under 33 U.S.C. (b)(3) and (4) -- Potential Penalties And Civil Liability For ''Directed" Removal Action -- Criminal Or Civil Penalties And Civil Liability Under Federal Law -- Potential Liability For Salvor Actions Taken Consistent With The National Contingency Plan -- Summary And Recommendations -- Summary -- Recommendations For The Federal Government -- Recommendations to Salvors -- STANDARD OF CARE FOR SALVORS -- Current Standard Of Care Under U.S. Law -- Standard Of Care Under The 1989 Salvage Convention -- Standard Of Care Under Lof 90 -- Summary Of Duty Of Care -- CONCLUSION -- NEW LAWS GOVERNING THE JETTISONING OF OIL -- THE LAW OF SALVAGE-A NEED FOR CHANGE -- SPECIFIC COMMENTS -- CONCLUSION -- SALVAGING A COHERENT APPROACH TO POLLUTION RESPONSE: NEW FEDERAL AND STATE LAWS GOVERNING THE JETTIS OF CARGO -- PART I: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEDERAL AND STATE OIL POLLUTION LAWS -- PART II: LIABILITY AND CONSISTENCY UNDER SALVAGE AND POLLUTION LAWS -- Liability Salvage -- Risk Of Liability To The Salvor -- Liability Avoided -- Consistency With The National Contingency Plan -- CONCLUSION -- ADDENDUM A -- ADDENDUM B -- ADDENDUM C -- ADDENDUM D -- DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE PANEL ON THE LEGAL STATUS OF JETTISONING -- PART III: CONSIDERATIONS IN MAKING TIME-CRITICAL DECISIONS -- DECISION FRAMEWORK: A SCENARIO FOR DECIDING WHETHER TO JETTISON CARGO -- THE ON-SCENE COORDINATOR AS DECISION MARKER -- THE ENVIRONMENTALIST'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE SALVOR'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE SHIPOWNER/OPERATOR'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE SALVAGE ENGINEER'S PERSPECTIVE -- THE STATE PERSPECTIVE.DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ADDRESSED TO THE PANEL ON THE DECISION-MAKING FRAMEWORK -- PART IV: A REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM DECISION-MAKING EXERCISE -- A REGIONAL RESPONSE TEAM DECISION-MAKING EXERCISE -- DISCUSSION: QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS ON THE DECISION-MAKING EXERCISE -- APPENDIX A: SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS -- SYMPOSIUM ON THE PURPOSEFUL JETTISON OF CARGO WASHINGTON, D.C., FEBRUARY 23, 1993 -- Members Of Committee On Marine Salvage Issues -- Liaisons To Committee -- Speakers -- Participants -- STAFF -- APPENDIX B: SYMPOSIUM AGENDA -- SYMPOSIUM ON THE PURPOSEFUL JETTISON OF CARGO WASHINGTON, D.C., FEBRUARY 23, 1993 -- Meeting Location:.This book addresses the problem of deliberate discharge of petroleum cargo during salvage operations. It assesses the implications for shipping and marine environmental protection; documents the need to clarify U.S. law concerning intentional discharges of petroleum cargoes to save ships and prevent the loss of larger amounts of cargo; considers the implications of advances in oil spill contingency planning, environmental data acquisition and spill trajectory forecasting; and makes recommendations concerning the feasibility of developing guidelines for deciding whether to discharge oil intentionally.Oil spillsLaw and legislationCongressesJettisoning of cargoCongressesLiability for oil pollution damagesCongressesOil spillsLaw and legislationJettisoning of cargoLiability for oil pollution damages363.73/82National Research Council (U.S.).Committee on Marine Salvage Issues.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910961797003321Purposeful jettison of petroleum cargo4356515UNINA