00612oas 2200181z- 450 99620668180331620190210204550.0(CKB)1000000000528846(DE-599)ZDB2434582-9(EXLCZ)99100000000052884620170515cuuuuuuuu -u- -engJahresbericht / Departement Bau, Umwelt und Geomatik (D-BAUG), ETH, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule ZürichTechnische Hochschule Zürich / Departement Bau, Umwelt und Geomatik (D-BAUG)JOURNAL996206681803316Jahresbericht415024UNISA06018nam 2200661Ia 450 991096013020332120251116140856.097866101863899781280186387128018638097803095686090309568609(CKB)110986584752410(OCoLC)57762895(CaPaEBR)ebrary10071440(SSID)ssj0000155314(PQKBManifestationID)11162017(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000155314(PQKBWorkID)10100606(PQKB)11219736(MiAaPQ)EBC3377412(Au-PeEL)EBL3377412(CaPaEBR)ebr10071440(CaONFJC)MIL18638(OCoLC)923270414(Perlego)4735733(BIP)12806227(EXLCZ)9911098658475241019900918d1986 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierFire and smoke understanding the hazards /Committee on Fire Toxicology, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19861 online resource (x, 156 pages) illustrationsBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph9780309062312 0309062314 Includes bibliographical references (p. 131-156).FIRE AND SMOKE: UNDERSTANDING THE HAZARDS -- Copyright -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PREFACE -- Contents -- EXECUTIVE SUMMARY -- HAZARD ASSESSMENT VS. RISK ASSESSMENT -- ASSESSMENT OF FIRE HAZARD -- THE TESTING OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 FIRE DEATHS IN THE UNITED STATES -- SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM -- CAUSES OF FIRE DEATH -- THE CONTEMPORARY FIRE ENVIRONMENT -- 2 A PRIMER ON FIRE AND FIRE HAZARD -- THE BURNING PROCESS -- A TYPICAL COMPARTMENT FIRE -- FIRE HAZARD ASSESSMENT -- DEFINITIONS:RISK AND HAZARD -- QUANTIFYING HAZARD -- TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE -- TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE -- BURNING OF A SINGLE ITEM -- BURNING OF MULTIPLE ITEMS -- 3 STATUS OF FIRE HAZARD MODELS AND TEST METHODS -- INTRODUCTION -- DETECTION MODELS -- MODELS FOR TIME AVAILABLE FOR ESCAPE -- THE HARVARD MODELS -- OTHER TWO-LAYER MODELS -- FIELD MODELS -- EXAMPLE OF CALCULATIONS FOR MODEL FOR TAE -- MODELS FOR TIME NEEDED FOR ESCAPE -- TEST METHODS FOR MODEL INPUT DATA -- BURNING RATE -- RATE OF PRODUCTION OF SMOKE AND TOXICANTS -- TOXICITY DATA -- IGNITABILITY -- SUMMARY -- 4 HAZARDS ASSOCIATED WITH FIRES -- HEAT -- OXYGEN DEPLETION -- SMOKE -- WATER -- PARTICLES (SOOT AND AEROSOLS) -- GASES -- Carbon Dioxide -- Carbon Monoxide -- Hydrogen Cyanide -- IRRITANTS -- Hyrdrogen Chloride -- Hydrogen Fluoride -- Sulfur Dioxide -- Nitrogen Dioxide -- Hydrogen Sulfide -- ALIPHATIC AND AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS -- FREE RADICALS -- INTERACTIONS AMONG COMPONENTS -- HEALTH EFFECTS OF SMOKE INHALATION ON HUMANS EXPOSED TO FIRES -- IMMEDIATE EFFECTS -- EARLY POSTEXPOSURE EFFECTS -- LONG-TERM SEQUELAE -- Long-Term Sequelae after Single Exposures -- Long-Term Sequelae after Repeated Exposures -- Cancer -- SUMMARY -- 5 LABORATORY METHODS FOR EVALUATION OF TOXIC POTENCY OF SMOKE -- USE OF COMBUSTION-PRODUCT TOXICITY TESTS: TO SCREEN OR NOT TO SCREEN.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS VS. BIOLOGIC ASSAY -- TEST METHODS THAT USE DEATH AS AN END POINT -- BIOASSAY OF SMOKE POTENCY -- LIMITATIONS IN USE OF BIOLOGIC DATA -- GERMAN DIN 53 436 METHOD -- NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS METHOD -- UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH METHOD -- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS -- Acute Toxicity -- Anatomic Changes -- Test Subjects -- Physical Test Characteristics -- Furnace Dimensions -- Heat Transfer and Oxygen Availability -- Heating Regimen -- Combustion Chamber Atmosphere -- Exposure System -- Physical Artifacts -- Comparison of Data from NBS and Pittsburgh Tests -- COMPARISON OF TEST METHODS WITH GUIDELINES FROM 1977 NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL REPORT -- TEST METHODS THAT USE NONLETHAL END POINTS -- FACTORS THAT IMPEDE ESCAPE -- OBSERVATIONAL METHODS -- Motorized Activity Wheels -- Hind-Leg Flexion -- Sensory Irritation and Physiologic Stress -- OTHER METHODS -- Unsignaled-Shock Avoidance/Escape -- Water-Reinforced Task -- Rotorod with Electrified Grill Floor -- Multisensory Conditioned Pole-Climb Avoidance -- Analysis of Use of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid to Detect Acute Nonlethal Lung Toxicity -- SUMMARY -- 6 GUIDELINES FOR HAZARD ASSESSMENT: CASE STUDIES -- CASE STUDY 1: BURNING OF AN UPHOLSTERED CHAIR -- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS -- Environment -- Fuel and Ignition -- Conditions of Exposure -- STEP:COMPUTING TAE AS A FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- Fire Model -- Burning of Upholstered Furniture -- Results of Calculations -- STEP 3: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE -- STEP 4: SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- CASE STUDY 2: CONCEALED COMBUSTIBLE MATERIAL -- STEP 1: DEFINING SCENARIOS -- STEP 2: COMPUTING TAE AS FUNCTION OF FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- Fire Buildup in Room -- Thermal Condition Behind Wall -- Response to Thermal Conditions Behind the Wall -- Contribution of Two Fires to Smoke.STEPS 3 AND 4: DECIDING ON MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE AND SPECIFYING FIRE AND SMOKE PROPERTIES -- SUMMARY -- DEFINING THE SCENARIO -- RELATING TAE TO FIRE PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS -- SELECTING MINIMAL ACCEPTABLE TAE -- SPECIFYING PRODUCT PERFORMANCE -- REFERENCES.Fire preventionFire protection engineeringFire prevention.Fire protection engineering.628.9222National Research Council (U.S.).Committee on Fire Toxicology.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910960130203321Fire and smoke4361123UNINA