10290nam 2200685Ia 450 991095712720332120200520144314.097866102224079781280222405128022240997803095680430309568048(CKB)110986584750700(OCoLC)726823142(CaPaEBR)ebrary10071368(SSID)ssj0000128400(PQKBManifestationID)11150064(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000128400(PQKBWorkID)10069151(PQKB)10386643(MiAaPQ)EBC3377343(Au-PeEL)EBL3377343(CaPaEBR)ebr10071368(CaONFJC)MIL22240(OCoLC)923269734(Perlego)4737329(EXLCZ)9911098658475070019851223d1986 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrCondensed-matter physics physics through the 1990s /Panel on Condensed-Matter Physics, Physics Survey Committee, Board on Physics and Astronomy, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19861 online resource (325 p.)Physics through the 1990sIncludes index.9780309035774 0309035775 Condensed-Matter Physics -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- I Highlights, Opportunities, and Needs -- CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS AND ITS IMPORTANCE -- DISCOVERY -- Artificially Structured Materials -- The Quantized Hall Effect -- Effects of Reduced Dimensionality -- Charge-Density Waves -- Disorder -- Mixed Valence and Heavy Fermions -- The Superfluid Phases of 3He -- The Renormalization Group Methods -- Chaotic Phenomena in Time and Space -- Widespread Use of Synchrotron Radiation -- Atomic Resolution Experimental Probes -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE -- NEEDS OF CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS IN THE NEXT DECADE -- Support for Individual Researchers -- MANPOWER -- INSTRUMENTATION -- COMPUTATION -- FUNDING -- Support for National Facilities -- NEUTRON FACILITIES -- SYNCHROTRON RADIATION SOURCES RECOMMENDATIONS -- HIGH-MAGNETIC-FIELD FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS -- ELECTRON-MICROSCOPE FACILITIES RECOMMENDATIONS -- GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING NATIONAL FACILITIES -- University-Industry-Government Relations -- II A Decade of Condensed-Matter Physics -- 1 Electronic Structure and Properties of Matter -- INTRODUCTION -- ADVANCES IN ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE DETERMINATIONS -- MANY-ELECTRON EFFECTS -- QUANTIZED HALL EFFECT -- ELECTRON-HOLE DROPLETS -- ELECTRONICALLY ORDERED STATES -- DISORDERED SYSTEMS -- MIXED MEDIA -- CONDENSED MATTER AT HIGH PRESSURE -- OPPORTUNITIES -- 2 Structures and Vibrational Properties of Solids -- INTRODUCTION -- THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS -- MEASUREMENTS OF STRUCTURES AND PHONON SPECTRA -- PHONON TRANSPORT -- ELECTRON-PHONON INTERACTIONS -- DISORDERED SOLIDS AND INCOMMENSURATE PHASES -- PHASE TRANSITIONS AND NONLINEAR EXCITATIONS -- OPPORTUNITIES -- 3 Critical Phenomena and Phase Transitions -- INTRODUCTION -- WHAT ARE CRITICAL PHENOMENA, AND WHY ARE THEY INTERESTING TO PHYSICISTS?.EXAMPLES OF PHASE TRANSITIONS AND CRITICAL POINTS -- HISTORY -- WHAT DOES ONE MEASURE? -- WHAT DETERMINES THE UNIVERSALITY CLASS? -- EXPERIMENTAL REALIZATIONS OF LOW-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS -- MULTICRITICAL POINTS -- SYSTEMS WITH ALMOST-BROKEN SYMMETRY -- Two-Dimensional Superfluid and XY Model -- Melting of a Two-Dimensional Crystal -- Smectic A-to-Nematic Transition -- QUENCHED DISORDER -- PERCOLATION AND THE METAL-INSULATOR TRANSITION IN DISORDERED SYSTEMS -- NONEQUILIBRIUM SYSTEMS -- FIRST-ORDER TRANSITIONS -- OUTLOOK -- 4 Magnetism -- INTRODUCTION -- MAGNETIC INSULATORS -- Low-Dimensional Systems -- Critical Phenomena -- METALLIC MAGNETS -- Transition-Metal Ferromagnets -- Rare-Earth and Actinide Magnets -- DISORDERED SYSTEMS -- Introduction -- Disordered Ferromagnets, Antiferromagnets, and Paramagnets -- Spin Glasses -- COMPUTER SIMULATIONS IN MAGNETISM -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -- 5 Semiconductors -- INTRODUCTION -- SURFACES AND INTERFACES -- DEFECTS IN SEMICONDUCTORS -- REDUCED DIMENSIONALITY IN SEMICONDUCTORS -- OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS -- AMORPHOUS SEMICONDUCTORS -- FUTURE PROSPECTS -- Semiconductor Surfaces and Interfaces -- SEMICONDUCTOR-SEMICONDUCTOR INTERFACES -- SEMICONDUCTOR-INSULATOR INTERFACES -- SEMICONDUCTOR-METAL INTERFACES -- Defects in Semiconductors -- Systems of Reduced Dimensionality -- QUANTIZED HALL EFFECT -- GROWTH TECHNIQUES AND LITHOGRAPHY -- SMALL STRUCTURES -- HETEROSTRUCTURES -- THE TWO-DIMENSIONAL WIGNER CRYSTAL -- 6 Defects and Diffusion -- INTRODUCTION -- NEW FIELDS FROM OLD: AN EXAMPLE -- Phase Microstructure and Phase Generation in Radiation Fields -- Surface and Near-Surface Probes -- Ion-Beam Microfabrication -- CALCULATIONS OF DEFECT STRUCTURE -- FUNDAMENTALS OF ATOMIC MOBILITY -- COMMENTS ON ACTIVE AREAS -- Point Defects in Simple Solids -- Surface Diffusion -- Photochemical Processes.Molecular Dynamics -- Dislocation Motion in Glasses -- Defect Imaging at Atomic Resolution -- SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- 7 Surfaces and Interfaces -- INTRODUCTION -- THE STRUCTURE OF THE CRYSTAL SURFACE -- SPECTROSCOPY AND ELEMENTARY EXCITATIONS ON THE SURFACE -- INTERACTIONS OF ATOMS AND MOLECULES ON THE SURFACE -- THE INTERFACE BETWEEN SOLIDS AND DENSE MEDIA -- THEORY -- OPPORTUNITIES -- 8 Low-Temperature Physics -- DEFINITION OF SUBFIELD -- QUANTUM FLUIDS -- Superfluid 3He -- NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN SUPERFLUID 3HE -- ULTRASOUND -- OTHER SOUND MODES -- DEFECTS -- SUPERFLUID FLOW AND HYDRODYNAMICS -- Novel Quantum Fluids -- MIXTURES OF 3HE IN 4HE -- SPIN-POLARIZED HYDROGEN AND DEUTERIUM -- LIQUID 4HE IN UNUSUAL GEOMETRIES -- ELECTRONS ON HELIUM SURFACES -- SUPERCONDUCTIVITY -- Nonequilibrium Superconductivity -- Novel Superconducting Materials -- Magnetic Superconductors -- High-Transition-Temperature, High-Magnetic-Field Materials -- The Josephson Effects -- QUANTUM CRYSTALS -- LOW-TEMPERATURE TECHNOLOGY -- RESEARCH OPPORTUNITIES IN LOW-TEMPERATURE PHYSICS -- 9 Liquid-State Physics -- CLASSICAL LIQUIDS -- Introduction -- Static Properties -- Dynamical Properties of Classical Liquids -- Colloidal Systems-Soap Solutions -- LIQUID CRYSTALS -- What Are Liquid Crystals? -- Why Are Liquid Crystals Interesting? -- Major Advances -- OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUTURE WORK -- 10 Polymers -- INTRODUCTION -- RESEARCH PROBLEMS -- Amorphous State-Solutions and Melts -- Glass -- Elastomers, Gels, Cross-linked Networks -- Polymer Crystals -- Electrical Properties -- Other Polymer Properties -- OPPORTUNITIES -- 11 Nonlinear Dynamics, Instabilities, and Chaos -- INTRODUCTION -- MAJOR ADVANCES -- A New Paradigm -- New Experimental Methods -- Routes to Chaos -- Dynamical Systems Theory of the Routes to Turbulence -- Dynamical Systems Analysis of Experiments.Nonlinear Stability Theory -- Pattern Evolution -- Instabilities in Other Dissipative Systems -- Nonlinear Dynamics of Conservative Systems -- General Remarks -- CURRENT FRONTIERS -- Bifurcation Sequences -- Patterns -- Numerical Simulations -- Experimental Methods -- Transition from Weak to Fully Developed Turbulence -- Conservative Systems -- Nonequilibrium Systems -- New Directions -- Appendixes -- B New Experimental Techniques -- C New Materials -- INTRODUCTION -- NEW MATERIALS IN THE LAST DECADE -- One- and Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Chalcogenides -- Materials with Open-Crystal Structures -- The Magnetic Superconductors -- Organic Conductors -- New Superconductors -- Glasses -- Artificially Structured Materials -- IMPACT OF NEW SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUES ON CONDENSED-MATTER PHYSICS -- Thin Metallic Films -- Epitaxial Materials -- Metallic Superlattices -- Materials Modification -- Filamentary Materials -- Metal Clusters -- MAJOR CONCERNS -- PROJECTIONS FOR THE FUTURE -- D Laser Spectroscopy of Condensed Matter -- INTRODUCTION -- ACCOMPLISHMENTS OF THE PAST DECADE -- Nonlinear Optical Spectroscopy -- TWO-PHOTON SPECTROSCOPY -- HOLE BURNING IN INHOMOGENEOUSLY BROADENED SPECTRA -- OTHER NONLINEAR SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUES -- Transient Optical Spectroscopy -- Ultrafast Laser Spectroscopy -- PICOSECOND LASER SPECTROSCOPY -- FEMTOSECOND LASER SPECTROSCOPY -- SOME DIRECTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- E National Facilities -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNCHROTRON RADIATION RESEARCH -- Introduction -- Summary of Present Synchrotron Facilities in the United States -- Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) -- National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) -- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) -- Synchrotron Radiation Center (SRC) -- Synchrotron Ultraviolet Radiation Facility (SURF) -- Research Highlights of the Past Decade.Future Directions in Synchrotron Research -- NEUTRON-SCATTERING FACILITIES -- Description of Existing U.S. Facilities -- Research Highlights of the 1970s -- Future Directions -- Epithermal Neutrons -- Neutron Guides -- High-Resolution Spectroscopy -- Interferometry -- Growth of the Neutron User Community -- HIGH-MAGNETIC-FIELDS FACILITIES -- Description of U.S. Facilities -- Research Highlights of the 1970s -- Opportunities -- FACILITIES FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY -- Introduction -- Description of U.S. Facilities -- Advances of the Past Decade in Electron Microscopy -- Outlook for the Future -- Contributors to This Volume -- PART I -- CHAPTER 1 -- CHAPTER 2 -- CHAPTER 3 -- CHAPTER 4 -- CHAPTER 5 -- CHAPTER 6 -- CHAPTER 7 -- CHAPTER 8 -- CHAPTER 9 -- CHAPTER 10 -- CHAPTER 11 -- APPENDIX D -- APPENDIX E -- Index.Physics through the 1990s.Condensed matterMatterCondensed matter.Matter.530.4National Research Council (U.S.).Panel on Condensed Matter Physics.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910957127203321Condensed matter physics1961679UNINA