07150nam 22005772 450 991090705870332120251019235407.09789004678002900467800X10.1163/9789004678002(MiAaPQ)EBC31613065(Au-PeEL)EBL31613065(CKB)34227773300041(OCoLC)1455141368(nllekb)BRILL9789004678002(EXLCZ)993422777330004120240614d2024 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierIdentifying the Stones of Classical Hebrew A Modern Philological Approach /Ephraim S. AyilFirst edition.Leiden ;Boston :Brill,2024.©20241 online resource (251 pages)Ancient Languages and Civilizations ;7Language and Linguistics E-Books Online, Collection 20249789004677999 9004677992 Includes bibliographical references and index.Acknowledgements -- 1 Introduction -- 1 Methodology -- 2 Terminology/Scope -- 3 Limitations/Preface -- 2 The ḤoÅ¡en —Priestly Breastplate -- 3 אֹדֶם ʾoḏem —Carnelian -- 1 Defining Carnelian -- 4 פִּטְדָה Piṭḏā —Peridot -- 1 False Etymologies -- 2 Reexamining an Old Connection -- 3 Identity -- 5 בָּרֶקֶת Bāreḳeṯ —Green Jasper -- 1 Medieval Identifications -- 2 Previous Etymologies -- 3 Cognates -- 4 A Semitic Etymology -- 5 Possible Identities -- 6 Putting the Data Together -- 6 נֹפֶךְ NopÌ„eḵ —Turquoise -- 1 Derivation from Egyptian mfkꜢt -- 2 Semantics -- 3 פּוּךְ Pūḵ -- 7 סַפִּיר SappÄ«r —Lapis Lazuli -- 1 The Biblical Sources -- 2 Greco-Roman Sources for Σάπφειρος Sappheiros -- 3 The Supposed Indian Origin -- 4 Marginal Cognates -- 5 Akkadian Analogue and a Revised Etymology -- 8 יָהֲלֹם Yāhălom -- 9 לֶשֶׁם LeÅ¡em —Amazonite -- 10 שְׁבוÖ¹ Šəḇo —Agate -- 11 אַחְלָמָה ʾaḥlāmā —Red Jasper -- 1 Phonology -- 2 Ancient Translations -- 12 תַּרְשִׁישׁ TarÅ¡Ä«Å¡ —Amber -- 1 Internal Evidence for the Color of TarÅ¡Ä«Å¡ -Stone -- 2 Tars̆īs̆ = Tartessos = A Stone from Tartessos -- 3 Applying the Philological Method -- 4 Other Previous Views -- 5 Conclusion -- 13 שֹׁהַם Å oham —Onyx -- 1 The Location of חֲוִילָה ḤăwÄ«lā -- 2 Terminological Issues concerning Onyx -- 3 Chalcedony Onyx in Arabia -- 4 The Egyptian Word for Onyx -- 5 Towards an Etymology -- 6 New Biblical Interpretations -- 14 יַשְׁפֶה YaÅ¡pÌ„e —Blue Chalcedony -- 1 Cognates -- 2 Yaspids in Greek and Mesopotamian Sources -- 3 The Elamite YaÅ¡pu -- 4 Breaking My Own Rules -- 5 Cultural Realia , Geography, Mythology: Towards an Etymology -- 6 Conclusion -- 15 שָׁמִיר ŠāmÄ«r —Emery -- 1 Cognates -- 2 The Etymology of שָׁמִיר ŠāmÄ«r -- 3 The Shamir Worm -- 16 גָּבִישׁ Gāḇīš & אֶלְגָּבִישׁ ʾelgāḇīš —Crystal Quartz, Gypsum & Hail -- 1 Previous Hypotheses -- 2 Phonological Analysis -- 3 Hebrew Sources for Elgavish -- 4 On גָּבִישׁ Gāḇīš -- 5 Etymological History in Other Languages -- 6 Semantics -- 17 כַּדְכֹּד Kadkoḏ & אֶקְדָּח ʾeḳdāḥ —Garnet -- 1 כַּדְכֹּד Kadkoḏ -- 2 אֶקְדָּח ʾeḳdāḥ -- 3 Greek Ἄνθραξ Anthrax and Latin Carbunculus -- 4 Ugaritic Pḥm and Akkadian PÄ“ndÈ— -- 5 Historiography -- 18 צוֹר CÌ£or & חַלָּמִישׁ ḤallāmÄ«Å¡ —Flint/Obsidian -- 1 צֹר CÌ£or -- 2 חַלָּמִישׁ ḤallāmÄ«Å¡ -- 3 Afterword: Implications for the Reconstruction of Ancient Egyptian Phonology -- 4 Harmonizing the Data -- 19 שַׁיִשׁ/שֵׁשׁ Å ayiÅ¡ / Å Ä“Å¡ & גִּר Gir —Limestone -- 1 שַׁיִשׁ/שֵׁשׁ Å ayiÅ¡ / Å Ä“Å¡ -- 2 גִּר Gir -- 3 Afterword -- 20 Other Classical Hebrew Lithonyms -- 1 בַּהַט Bahaá¹­ -- 2 בֹּחַן Boḥan -- 3 גָּפְרִית GopÌ„rÄ«tÌ  -- 4 דַּר Dar -- 5 מֶלַח Melaḥ -- 6 נֶתֶר Neṯer -- 7 שָׁשַׁר Shāshar -- 21 Final Analysis -- 1 Patterns in Borrowing -- 2 Reconsidering the Septuagint and a Potential Pattern -- 3 A Theory of the Septuagint -- 4 Frontiers for Future Research -- Appendix: Index of Publications concerning Stones in the Bible -- Bibliography -- Index of Foreign Words -- Index of Gemstones & Minerals.Since the publication of the Septuagint in the 3rd century BCE, scholars have attempted to describe the types of stones that populate the biblical text. Modern academic scholars rely on ancient translations despite the contradictions and historical implausibility which manifests. Abandoning the ancient translations, this study synthesizes comparative linguistics with the archeogemological corpus. By ascertaining valid cognates, the Hebrew stone names may be equated with names in ancient languages which correspond with known species of stones. This allows us to confirm the identities of the stones mentioned in the biblical text and place them into historical context.Ancient Languages and Civilizations ;7.Language and Linguistics E-Books Online, Collection 2024.A Modern Philological ApproachHistorical linguisticsTo 400LinguisticsMiddle EastHistoryTo 622EgyptHistoryTo 640 A.DHistorical linguisticsLinguistics.220.4/2Ayil Ephraim S.1787778NL-LeKBNL-LeKBBOOK9910907058703321Identifying the Stones of Classical Hebrew4321729UNINA