00954nam0-22003011i-450-99000752963040332120060710131602.0000752963FED01000752963(Aleph)000752963FED0100075296320030814d1971----km-y0itay50------baitaITy-------001yy<<Il >>Commercio in AbruzzoCentro Regionale di Studio e Ricerche per lo sviluppo Economico e Sociale dell'AbruzzoAquilaJapadrec 197189,[14] p.25 cmCollana di studi economici1AbruzzoCommercioCentro regionale di studi e ricerche per lo sviluppo economico e sociale dell'Abruzzo432398ITUNINARICAUNIMARCBK990007529630403321E'-09-004Ist. 9671ILFGEILFGECommercio in Abruzzo679934UNINA04521nam 2200637 450 991082451850332120200520144314.00-691-09270-21-4008-5071-110.1515/9781400850716(CKB)2550000001163395(EBL)1538262(OCoLC)863671693(SSID)ssj0001160306(PQKBManifestationID)11767846(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001160306(PQKBWorkID)11117884(PQKB)10491173(OCoLC)864138737(MdBmJHUP)muse43203(DE-B1597)453653(OCoLC)979881894(DE-B1597)9781400850716(Au-PeEL)EBL1538262(CaPaEBR)ebr10805913(CaONFJC)MIL545531(MiAaPQ)EBC1538262(EXLCZ)99255000000116339520021101h20032003 uy| 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrHow the idea of religious toleration came to the West /Perez ZagorinCourse BookPrinceton, NJ :Princeton University Press,[2003]©20031 online resource (390 p.)Description based upon print version of record.0-691-12142-7 1-306-14280-6 Includes bibliographical references (pages [313]-365) and index.Frontmatter -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1. Religious Toleration: The Historical Problem -- CHAPTER 2. The Christian Theory of Religious Persecution -- CHAPTER 3. The Advent of Protestantism and the Toleration Problem -- CHAPTER 4. The First Champion of Religious Toleration: Sebastian Castellio -- CHAPTER 5. The Toleration Controversy in the Netherlands -- CHAPTER 6. The Great English Toleration Controversy, 1640-1660 -- CHAPTER 7. John Locke and Pierre Bayle -- CHAPTER 8. Conclusion: The Idea of Religious Toleration in the Enlightenment and After -- NOTES -- INDEXReligious intolerance, so terrible and deadly in its recent manifestations, is nothing new. In fact, until after the eighteenth century, Christianity was perhaps the most intolerant of all the great world religions. How Christian Europe and the West went from this extreme to their present universal belief in religious toleration is the momentous story fully told for the first time in this timely and important book by a leading historian of early modern Europe. Perez Zagorin takes readers to a time when both the Catholic Church and the main new Protestant denominations embraced a policy of endorsing religious persecution, coercing unity, and, with the state's help, mercilessly crushing dissent and heresy. This position had its roots in certain intellectual and religious traditions, which Zagorin traces before showing how out of the same traditions came the beginnings of pluralism in the West. Here we see how sixteenth- and seventeenth-century thinkers--writing from religious, theological, and philosophical perspectives--contributed far more than did political expediency or the growth of religious skepticism to advance the cause of toleration. Reading these thinkers--from Erasmus and Sir Thomas More to John Milton and John Locke, among others--Zagorin brings to light a common, if unexpected, thread: concern for the spiritual welfare of religion itself weighed more in the defense of toleration than did any secular or pragmatic arguments. His book--which ranges from England through the Netherlands, the post-1685 Huguenot Diaspora, and the American Colonies--also exposes a close connection between toleration and religious freedom. A far-reaching and incisive discussion of the major writers, thinkers, and controversies responsible for the emergence of religious tolerance in Western society--from the Enlightenment through the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights--this original and richly nuanced work constitutes an essential chapter in the intellectual history of the modern world.Religious toleranceChristianityHistoryReligious toleranceChristianityHistory.261.7/2/09Zagorin Perez317554MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910824518503321How the idea of religious toleration came to the West3988296UNINA04499nam 22006615 450 991084715470332120251008153435.09783031231902303123190210.1007/978-3-031-23190-2(CKB)31377991100041(ODN)ODN0010068911(DE-He213)978-3-031-23190-2(EXLCZ)993137799110004120230523d2023 u| 0engurcn|---|||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierFoundation Models for Natural Language Processing Pre-trained Language Models Integrating Media /by Gerhard Paaß, Sven Giesselbach1st ed. 2023.Cham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2023.1 online resourceArtificial Intelligence: Foundations, Theory, and Algorithms,2365-306X9783031231896 3031231899 1. Introduction -- 2. Pre-trained Language Models -- 3. Improving Pre-trained Language Models -- 4. Knowledge Acquired by Foundation Models -- 5. Foundation Models for Information Extraction -- 6. Foundation Models for Text Generation -- 7. Foundation Models for Speech, Images, Videos, and Control -- 8. Summary and Outlook.This open access book provides a comprehensive overview of the state of the art in research and applications of Foundation Models and is intended for readers familiar with basic Natural Language Processing (NLP) concepts. Over the recent years, a revolutionary new paradigm has been developed for training models for NLP. These models are first pre-trained on large collections of text documents to acquire general syntactic knowledge and semantic information. Then, they are fine-tuned for specific tasks, which they can often solve with superhuman accuracy. When the models are large enough, they can be instructed by prompts to solve new tasks without any fine-tuning. Moreover, they can be applied to a wide range of different media and problem domains, ranging from image and video processing to robot control learning. Because they provide a blueprint for solving many tasks in artificial intelligence, they have been called Foundation Models. After a brief introduction tobasic NLP models the main pre-trained language models BERT, GPT and sequence-to-sequence transformer are described, as well as the concepts of self-attention and context-sensitive embedding. Then, different approaches to improving these models are discussed, such as expanding the pre-training criteria, increasing the length of input texts, or including extra knowledge. An overview of the best-performing models for about twenty application areas is then presented, e.g., question answering, translation, story generation, dialog systems, generating images from text, etc. For each application area, the strengths and weaknesses of current models are discussed, and an outlook on further developments is given. In addition, links are provided to freely available program code. A concluding chapter summarizes the economic opportunities, mitigation of risks, and potential developments of AI.Artificial Intelligence: Foundations, Theory, and Algorithms,2365-306XNatural language processing (Computer science)Computational linguisticsArtificial intelligenceExpert systems (Computer science)Machine learningNatural Language Processing (NLP)Computational LinguisticsArtificial IntelligenceKnowledge Based SystemsMachine LearningNatural language processing (Computer science)Computational linguistics.Artificial intelligence.Expert systems (Computer science)Machine learning.Natural Language Processing (NLP).Computational Linguistics.Artificial Intelligence.Knowledge Based Systems.Machine Learning.006.35COM004000COM025000COM073000LAN009000bisacshPaaß Gerhard1830675Giesselbach Sven1736135BOOK9910847154703321Foundation models for natural language processing4401165UNINA