05149nam 2200673Ia 450 991083086660332120170810195550.01-282-30799-197866123079970-470-31654-30-470-31728-0(CKB)1000000000687537(EBL)469289(OCoLC)264621188(SSID)ssj0000341500(PQKBManifestationID)11290212(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000341500(PQKBWorkID)10408169(PQKB)11297366(MiAaPQ)EBC469289(PPN)159353548(EXLCZ)99100000000068753719831006d1983 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrPlanning and analysis of observational studies[electronic resource] /William G. Cochran ; edited by Lincoln E. Moses and Frederick MostellerNew York Wileyc19831 online resource (166 p.)Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics,0271-6356Description based upon print version of record.0-471-88719-6 Includes bibliographies and index.Planning and Analysis of Observational Studies; Contents; 1. VARIATION, CONTROL, AND BIAS; 1. I. Introduction; 1.2. Strategy in Controlled Experiments- Sampled and Target Populations; 1.3. The Principal Sources of Variation in the Responses; 1.4. Methods of Control; 1.5. Effects of Bias; 1.6. Summary; References; 2. STATISTICAL INTRODUCTION; 2.1. Drawing Conclusions from Data; 2.2. Tests of Significance; 2.3. Confidence Intervals; 2.4. Systematic Differences Between the Populations; 2.5. The Model When Bias is Present; 2.6. Summary; References; 3. PRELIMINARY ASPECTS OF PLANNING3.1. Introdudtion3.2. The Statement of Objectives; 3.3. The Treatments; 3.4. Measurements of Treatment Levels for Individual Persons and the Effects of Grouping; 3.5. Other Points Related to Treatments; 3.6. Control Treatments; 3.7. The Responses; 3.8. Timing of Measurements; 3.9. summary; References; 4. FURTHER ASPECTS OF PLANNING; 4.1. Sample Size in Relation to Tests of Significance; 4.2. Sample Size for Estimation; 4.3. The Effect of Bias; 4.4. More Complex Comparisons; 4.5. Samples of Clusters; 4.6. Plans for Reducing Nonresponse; 4.7. Relationship Between Sampled and Target Populations4.8. Pilot Studies and Pretests4.9. The Devil's Advocate; 4.10. Summary; References; 5 . MATCHING; 5.1. Confounding Variables; 5.2. Matching; 5.3. The Construction of Matches; 5.4. Effect of Within-Class Matching on x; 5.5. Effect of Caliper Matching on x; 5.6. Effect of "Nearest Available" Matching on x; 5.7. Effect of Mean Matching on x; 5.8. Effects on bias of y1 - y2; 5.9. Effect of Matching on the Variance of y1 - y2; 5.10. Introduction to Statistical Analysis of Pair-Matched Samples; 5.11. Analysis with Mean Matching: y Continuous; 5.12. summary; References; 6. ADJUSTMENTS IN ANALYSIS6.1. Introduction6.2. y Continuous: x's Classified; 6.3. y Binomial: x's Classified; 6.4. Treatment Difference Varying From Cell to Cell; 6.5. y and x's Quantitative: Adjustments by Regression (Covariance); 6.6. Regression Adjustments with Some x's Classified; 6.7. Effect of Regression Adjustments on Bias in y1-y2; 6.8. Effect of Curvature on Linear-Regression Adjustments; 6.9. Effectiveness of Regression Adjustments on Precision; 6.10. Effect of Errors in the Measurement of x; 6.11. Matching and Adjustment Compared: In Experiments6.12. Matching and Adjustment Compared: In Observational StudiesAppendix to Section 6.12; 6.13. A Preliminary Test of Comparability; 6.14. Summary; References; 7. SIMPLE STUDY STRUCTURES; 7.1. Introduction; 7.2. The Single Group: Measured After Treatment Only; 7.3. The Single Group: Measured Before and After Treatment; 7.4. The Single Group: Series of Measurements Before and After; References; INDEXTreats studies, primarily in human populations, that show casual effects of certain agents, procedures, treatment or programs. Deals with the difficulties that comparative observational studies have because of bias in their design and analysis. Systematically considers the many sources of bias and discusses how care in matching or adjustment of results can reduce the effects of bias in these investigations.Wiley series in probability and mathematical statistics.Analysis of varianceExperimental designAnalysis of variance.Experimental design.001.4001.42519.5352Cochran William G(William Gemmell),1909-1980.3179Moses Lincoln E103130Mosteller Frederick1916-2006.45482MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910830866603321Planning and analysis of observational studies4049989UNINA