09519nam 2200469 450 991083056110332120230611131902.01-119-78559-61-119-78558-8(MiAaPQ)EBC7237060(Au-PeEL)EBL7237060(OCoLC)1376932292(EXLCZ)992643528510004120230611d2023 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierMedical imaging /H. S. Sanjay and M. NiranjanamurthyHoboken, NJ :John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and Scrivener Publishing LLC,[2023]©20231 online resource (260 pages)Includes index.Print version: Sanjay, H. S. Medical Imaging Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2023 9781119785392 Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 Introduction to Medical Imaging -- 1.1 Medical Imaging - An Insight -- 1.2 Types of Diagnostic Imaging Modalities -- 1.2.1 Radiography -- 1.2.2 Tomography -- 1.2.3 Ultrasound -- 1.2.4 Nuclear Medicine -- 1.2.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 1.2.6 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) -- 1.2.7 Functional Near Infrared Imaging -- 1.2.8 Elastography -- 1.2.9 Photoacoustic Imaging -- 1.2.10 Magnetic Particle Imaging -- 1.3 3D Rendering -- 1.4 Diagnostic Images -- 1.5 Medical Imaging in Pharmaceutical Applications -- Glossary-Appendix -- Chapter 2 Fundamentals of X-Rays -- 2.1 Electromagnetic Radiations -- 2.2 Wave Nature -- 2.2.1 Particle Nature -- 2.2.2 Intensity of an X-Ray Beam -- 2.2.3 Roentgen (R) -- 2.2.4 Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad) -- 2.2.5 X-Ray Interactions -- 2.2.6 Interaction Between X-Ray and Matter -- 2.2.7 Coherent Scattering -- 2.2.8 Compton Effect -- 2.3 Photoelectric Effect -- 2.3.1 Pair Production -- 2.3.2 Photodisintegration -- 2.4 Interaction Between X-Ray and Tissues -- 2.5 Factors Affecting Attenuation Coefficients -- 2.6 Attenuation Due to Coherent Scattering (βcoh) -- 2.7 Attenuation Due to Compton Scattering (βcom) and Photoelectric Effect (βpho) -- 2.8 Generation and Detection of X-Rays -- 2.8.1 Generation of X-Rays -- 2.8.2 White Radiation -- 2.8.3 Characteristic Radiation -- 2.9 X-Ray Generators -- 2.9.1 Line Focus Principle -- 2.9.2 X-Ray Tube Ratings -- 2.9.3 Target Material -- 2.9.4 Tube Voltage -- 2.9.5 Tube Current -- 2.9.6 Filament Current -- 2.10 Filters -- 2.10.1 Beam Restrictors -- 2.10.2 Aperture Diaphragms -- 2.10.3 Cones and Cylinders -- 2.10.4 Collimators -- 2.10.5 Grids -- 2.11 X-Ray Visualization -- 2.11.1 Intensifying Screens -- 2.11.2 Image Intensifiers -- 2.12 Detection of X-Rays -- 2.12.1 X-Ray Film.2.12.2 Optical Density -- 2.12.3 Characteristic Curve -- 2.12.4 Film Gamma -- 2.12.5 Speed -- 2.12.6 Film Latitude -- 2.12.7 Double-Emulsion Film -- 2.13 Radiation Detectors -- 2.13.1 Scintillation Detector -- 2.13.2 Ionization Chamber -- 2.14 X-Ray Diagnostic Approaches -- 2.14.1 Conventional X-Ray Radiography -- 2.14.2 Penumbra -- 2.14.3 Field Size -- 2.14.4 Film Magnification -- 2.15 Fluoroscopy -- 2.16 Angiography -- 2.17 Mammography -- 2.18 Xeroradiography -- 2.19 Image Subtraction -- 2.19.1 Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) -- 2.19.2 Dual Energy Subtraction -- 2.19.3 K-Edge Subtraction -- 2.20 Conventional Tomography -- 2.20.1 X-Ray Image Attributes -- 2.20.2 Spatial Resolution -- 2.21 Point Spread Function (PSF) -- 2.21.1 Line Spread Function (LSF) -- 2.21.2 Edge Spread Function (ESF) -- 2.21.3 System Transfer Function (STF) -- 2.22 Image Noise -- 2.23 Image Contrast -- 2.24 Receiver Operating Curve (ROC) -- 2.25 Biological Effects of X-Ray Radiations -- 2.25.1 Determinants of Biological Effects -- Glossary-Appendix -- Chapter 3 X-Ray Computed Tomography -- 3.1 Introduction to X-Ray Computed Tomography -- 3.2 CT Number -- 3.3 X-Ray Detectors in CT Machines -- 3.3.1 Energy Integrating Detectors -- 3.3.2 Photon Counting Detectors -- 3.4 CT Imaging -- 3.4.1 Radon Transform -- 3.4.2 Sampling -- 3.4.3 2D Image Reconstruction -- 3.4.4 Direct Fourier Transform -- 3.4.5 Filtered Back Projection (FBP)/Convolution Back Projection (CBP) -- 3.4.6 Fan Beam Projections -- 3.5 Computer Tomography-Based Diagnostics -- 3.5.1 Single Slice Computed Tomography -- 3.5.2 Multislice Computed Tomography -- 3.5.3 Cardiac CT -- 3.5.4 Dual Energy Computer Tomography -- 3.6 Image Quality -- 3.6.1 Resolution -- 3.6.2 Noise -- 3.6.3 Contrast -- 3.6.4 Image Artifacts -- 3.7 CT Machine - The Hardware Aspects -- 3.8 Generations of CT Machines.3.9 Biological Effects and Safety-Based Aspects -- Glossary-Appendix -- Chapter 4 Ultrasound Imaging -- 4.0 Ultrasound -- 4.1 Basics of Acoustic Waves -- 4.2 Propagation of Waves in Homogeneous Media -- 4.3 Linear Wave Equation -- 4.4 Loudness and Intensity -- 4.5 Interference -- 4.6 Attenuation -- 4.7 Nonlinearity -- 4.8 Propagation of Waves in Non-Homogeneous Media -- 4.9 Reflection and Refraction -- 4.10 Scattering -- 4.11 Doppler Effect in the Propagation of the Acoustic Wave -- 4.12 Generation and Detection of Ultrasound -- 4.13 Ultrasonic Transducer -- 4.14 Mechanical Matching -- 4.15 Electrical Matching -- 4.16 Ultrasound Imaging -- 4.16.1 Gray Scale Imaging -- 4.16.1.1 Data Acquisition -- 4.16.1.2 Amplitude Mode (A-Mode) -- 4.16.1.3 Brightness Mode (B-Mode) -- 4.16.1.4 Motion Mode (M-Mode) -- 4.17 Image Reconstruction -- 4.18 Schlieren System -- 4.19 Doppler Imaging Approaches -- 4.19.1 Continuous Wave Doppler System -- 4.19.2 Pulse Wave Doppler System -- 4.19.3 Color Doppler Flow Imaging -- 4.20 Tissue Characterization -- 4.20.1 Velocity -- 4.20.2 Absorption -- 4.20.3 Scattering -- 4.21 Ultrasound Image Characteristics -- 4.21.1 Spatial Resolution -- 4.21.2 Image Contrast -- 4.21.3 Ultrasonic Texture -- 4.22 Biological Effects of Ultrasound -- 4.22.1 Acoustic Aspects at High Intensity Levels -- 4.22.2 Cavitation -- 4.22.3 Transient Cavitation -- 4.22.4 Stable Cavitation -- 4.22.5 Wave Distortion -- 4.22.6 Bioeffects (Thermal and Non-Thermal Effects) -- Glossary-Appendix -- Chapter 5 Radionuclide Imaging -- 5.1 Radionuclide Imaging - A Brief History -- 5.2 An Insight Into Radioactivity -- 5.2.1 Nuclear Particles -- 5.2.2 Radioactive Decay -- 5.2.3 Specific Activity -- 5.2.4 Interactions Between Nuclear Particles and Matter -- 5.2.4.1 Alpha Particles -- 5.2.4.2 Beta Particles -- 5.2.4.3 Gamma Particles -- 5.2.5 Properties of Radionuclides.5.2.5.1 Physical Properties -- 5.2.5.2 Biological Properties -- 5.3 Generation of Nuclear Emission -- 5.3.1 Nuclear Sources -- 5.3.2 99mTc Radionuclide Generator -- 5.3.3 Detection of Nuclear Emissions -- 5.3.3.1 Ion Collection Detectors -- 5.3.3.2 Scintillation Fetectors -- 5.3.3.3 Solid State Detectors -- 5.3.3.4 Collimator -- 5.4 Radionuclide Detection -- 5.4.1 Rectilinear Scanning Machines -- 5.4.2 Scintillation Camera (Gamma Camera) -- 5.4.2.1 Collimator -- 5.4.2.2 Scintillation Crystal -- 5.4.2.3 Photomultiplier Tube -- 5.4.3 Longitudinal Section Tomography (LST) -- 5.4.4 Single Photon Emission Computer Tomography (SPECT) -- 5.4.5 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) -- 5.5 Diagnostic Approaches Using Radiation Detector Probes -- 5.5.1 Thyroid Function Assessment -- 5.5.2 Renal Function Test -- 5.5.3 Blood Volume Assessment -- 5.6 Radionuclide Image Characteristics -- 5.6.1 Spatial Resolution -- 5.6.2 Image Contrast -- 5.6.3 Image Noise -- 5.7 Biological Effects of Radionuclides -- Glossary-Appendix -- Chapter 6 Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 6.1 Basics of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 6.2 Larmor Frequency -- 6.3 Relaxation -- 6.3.1 T1 (Longitudinal Relaxation) -- 6.3.2 T2 (Transverse Relaxation) -- 6.4 Image Contrast -- 6.5 Repetition Time (TR) and T1 Weighting -- 6.6 Echo Time (TE) and T2 Weighting -- 6.7 Saturation at Short Repetition Times -- 6.8 Flip Angle/Tip Angle -- 6.9 Presaturation -- 6.10 Magnetization Transfer -- 6.11 Slice Selection -- 6.12 Spatial Encoding -- 6.13 Phase Encoding -- 6.14 Frequency Encoding -- 6.15 K-Space -- 6.16 Image Noise -- 6.17 The MR Scanning Machine -- 6.17.1 The Magnet -- 6.17.2 Permanent Magnet -- 6.17.3 Resistive Magnets -- 6.17.4 Superconducting Magnets -- 6.17.5 Quenching -- 6.17.6 Shimming -- 6.17.7 Shielding -- 6.17.8 The Gradient System -- 6.17.9 The Radiofrequency System -- 6.17.10 The Computer System.6.18 Pulse Sequences -- 6.18.1 Spin Echo Sequence -- 6.18.1.1 Black Blood Effect -- 6.18.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence -- 6.18.3 Short TI Inversion Recovery (STIR) Sequences -- 6.18.4 Fluid Attenuated Recovery (FLAIR) Sequences -- 6.18.5 Gradient Echo Sequence -- 6.19 Parallel Imaging -- 6.20 MR Artifacts -- 6.21 Motion Artifacts -- 6.22 Flow Artifacts -- 6.23 Phase Wrapping -- 6.24 Chemical Shift -- 6.25 Magnetic Susceptibility -- 6.26 Truncation Artifact -- 6.27 Magic Angle -- 6.28 Eddy Currents -- 6.29 Partial Volume Artifact -- 6.30 Inhomogeneous Fat Suppression -- 6.31 Zipper Artifacts -- 6.32 Crisscross Artifact -- 6.33 Bioeffects and Safety -- Glossary-Appendix -- About the Authors -- Index -- EULA.Diagnostic imagingDiagnostic imaging.616.0754Sanjay H. S.1611175Niranjanamurthy M.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910830561103321Medical imaging3939278UNINA