01819nam 2200445 a 450 991069102110332120010720090806.0(CKB)5470000002344146(OCoLC)46795790ocm46795790(OCoLC)995470000002344146(EXLCZ)99547000000234414620010423d2000 ua 0enguran||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierH-2A agricultural guestworkers[electronic resource] status of efforts to improve program services : statement of Cynthia M. Fagnoni, Director, Education, Workforce, and Income Security Issues, Health, Education, and Human Services Division, before the Subcommittee on Immigration and Claims, Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives /United States General Accounting OfficeWashington, D.C. :The Office,[2000]Testimony ;GAO/T-HEHS-00-134"June 15, 2000."Paper version available from the General Accounting Office.Title from title screen.Includes bibliographical references (page 12).H-2A agricultural guestworkers Admission of nonimmigrantsUnited StatesForeign worker certificationUnited StatesEmigration and immigration lawUnited StatesAdmission of nonimmigrantsForeign worker certificationEmigration and immigration lawFagnoni Cynthia M1380837United States.General Accounting Office.GPOGPOBOOK9910691021103321H-2A agricultural guestworkers3424057UNINA08445nam 2200469 450 991083049080332120230620074037.01-119-57713-61-119-57712-8(MiAaPQ)EBC7250508(Au-PeEL)EBL7250508(OCoLC)1379438855(EXLCZ)992670070810004120230620d2023 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierHandbook of heavy oil properties and analysis /James G. Speight [and four others]Hoboken, New Jersey :John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,[2023]©20231 online resource (494 pages)Print version: Speight, James G. Handbook of Heavy Oil Properties and Analysis Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2023 9781119577157 Includes bibliographical references and index.Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- About the Author -- Preface -- Chapter 1 History and Terminology -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Historical Perspectives -- 1.2.1 Pre-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen -- 1.2.2 Post-Christian Era Use of Heavy Oil and Bitumen -- 1.3 Definitions and Terminology -- 1.3.1 Nonviscous Feedstocks -- 1.3.1.1 Crude Oil -- 1.3.1.2 Opportunity Crude Oil -- 1.3.1.3 High-Acid Crude Oil -- 1.3.1.4 Foamy Oil -- 1.3.2 Viscous Feedstocks -- 1.3.2.1 Gas Oil -- 1.3.2.2 Heavy Crude Oil -- 1.3.2.3 Extra Heavy Crude Oil -- 1.3.2.4 Tar Sand Bitumen -- 1.3.2.5 Residuum -- 1.3.2.6 Asphalt -- 1.3.2.7 Tar and Pitch -- 1.3.2.8 Sludge -- 1.4 Classification -- 1.5 Feedstock Evaluation -- 1.6 Modern Analytical Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 Sampling and Measurement -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sampling -- 2.2.1 Sampling Protocol -- 2.2.1.1 Sampling Semi-volatile and Nonvolatile Compounds -- 2.2.1.2 Solids -- 2.2.1.3 Extract Concentration -- 2.2.1.4 Sample Cleanup -- 2.2.2 Representative Sample -- 2.2.3 Sampling Error -- 2.3 Measurement -- 2.4 Method Validation -- 2.4.1 Requirements -- 2.4.2 Method Detection Limit -- 2.4.3 Accuracy -- 2.4.4 Precision -- 2.5 Quality Control and Quality Assurance -- 2.5.1 Quality Control -- 2.5.2 Quality Assurance -- 2.6 Assay and Specifications -- 2.6.1 Assay -- 2.6.2 Specifications -- 2.6.3 Metallic Constituents -- 2.6.4 Water Content -- 2.7 Environmental Issues -- References -- Chapter 3 Chemical Composition -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Elemental Composition -- 3.3 Chemical Composition -- 3.3.1 Hydrocarbon Constituents -- 3.3.1.1 Paraffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.1.2 Cycloparaffin Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.1.3 Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.1.4 Unsaturated Hydrocarbon Derivatives -- 3.3.2 Non-hydrocarbon Constituents -- 3.3.2.1 Sulfur Compounds.3.3.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds -- 3.3.2.3 Oxygen Compounds -- 3.3.3 Metallic Constituents -- 3.3.4 Porphyrins -- 3.4 Chemical Composition by Distillation -- 3.4.1 Vacuum Gas Oil -- 3.4.2 Vacuum Residua -- 3.5 Chemical Composition by Spectroscopy -- 3.5.1 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3.5.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 3.5.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 3.5.4 Other Techniques -- References -- Chapter 4 Fractional Composition -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Distillation -- 4.3 Solvent Treatment -- 4.3.1 Asphaltene Separation -- 4.3.1.1 Influence of Solvent Type -- 4.3.1.2 Influence of the Degree of Dilution -- 4.3.1.3 Influence of Temperature -- 4.3.1.4 Influence of Contact Time -- 4.3.2 Fractionation -- 4.3.3 Carbenes and Carboids -- 4.4 Adsorption -- 4.4.1 Chemical Factors -- 4.4.2 Fractionation Methods -- 4.4.2.1 General Methods -- 4.4.2.2 ASTM Methods -- 4.5 Chemical Methods -- 4.5.1 Acid Treatment -- 4.5.2 Molecular Complex Formation -- 4.5.2.1 Urea Adduction -- 4.5.2.2 Thiourea Adduction -- 4.5.2.3 Adduct Composition -- 4.5.2.4 Adduct Structure -- 4.5.2.5 Adduct Properties -- 4.6 The Asphaltene Fraction -- 4.7 Carbenes and Carboids -- 4.8 Use of the Data -- References -- Chapter 5 Chemical Properties -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Acid Number -- 5.3 Elemental Analysis and Metals -- 5.4 Emulsion Formation -- 5.5 Evaporation -- 5.6 Flash Point and Fire Point -- 5.7 Functional Group Analysis -- 5.8 Halogenation -- 5.9 Hydrogenation -- 5.10 Oxidation -- 5.11 Thermal Methods -- 5.12 Miscellaneous Methods -- References -- Chapter 6 Physical Properties, Electrical Properties, and Optical Properties -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Physical Properties -- 6.2.1 Adhesion -- 6.2.2 Density, Specific Gravity, and API Gravity -- 6.2.3 Surface and Interfacial Tension -- 6.2.4 Viscosity -- 6.3 Electrical Properties -- 6.3.1 Conductivity -- 6.3.2 Dielectric Constant.6.3.3 Dielectric Strength -- 6.3.4 Dielectric Loss and Power Factor -- 6.3.5 Static Electrification -- 6.4 Optical Properties -- 6.4.1 Optical Activity -- 6.4.2 Refractive Index -- References -- Chapter 7 Thermal Properties -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Ash Production -- 7.3 Carbon Residue -- 7.4 Critical Properties -- 7.5 Enthalpy -- 7.6 Heat of Combustion -- 7.7 Latent Heat -- 7.8 Liquefaction and Solidification -- 7.9 Pour Point -- 7.10 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships -- 7.11 Softening Point -- 7.12 Specific Heat -- 7.13 Thermal Conductivity -- 7.14 Volatility -- References -- Chapter 8 Chromatographic Properties -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Adsorption Chromatography -- 8.3 Gas Chromatography -- 8.4 Gel Permeation Chromatography -- 8.5 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography -- 8.6 Ion Exchange Chromatography -- 8.7 Simulated Distillation -- 8.8 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 8.9 Thin Layer Chromatography -- References -- Chapter 9 Structural Group Analysis -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Physical Property Methods -- 9.2.1 Density Method -- 9.2.2 Density-Temperature Coefficient Method -- 9.2.3 Direct Method -- 9.2.4 Dispersion-Refraction Method -- 9.2.5 Molecular Weight-Refractive Index Method -- 9.2.6 n-d-M Method -- 9.2.7 Waterman Ring Analysis -- 9.2.8 Miscellaneous Methods -- 9.3 Spectroscopic Methods -- 9.3.1 Electron Spin Resonance -- 9.3.2 Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.3.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 9.3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 9.3.5 Ultraviolet Spectroscopy -- 9.3.6 X-ray Diffraction -- 9.4 Heteroatom Systems -- 9.4.1 Nitrogen -- 9.4.2 Oxygen -- 9.4.3 Sulfur -- 9.4.4 Metals -- 9.5 Miscellaneous Methods -- References -- Chapter 10 Molecular Weight Determination -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods for Molecular Weight Measurement -- 10.2.1 Vapor Pressure Osmometry -- 10.2.2 Freezing Point Depression.10.2.3 Boiling Point Elevation -- 10.2.4 Size Exclusion Chromatography -- 10.2.5 Mass Spectrometry -- 10.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 10.3 Molecular Weights of Volatile Fractions -- 10.4 Molecular Weights of Nonvolatile Fractions -- 10.4.1 Resins -- 10.4.2 Asphaltenes -- 10.4.3 Carbenes and Carboids -- References -- Chapter 11 Instability and Incompatibility -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Occurrence of Instability and Incompatibility -- 11.3 Factors Influencing Instability and Incompatibility -- 11.3.1 Acidity -- 11.3.2 Asphaltene Content -- 11.3.3 Density/Specific Gravity -- 11.3.4 Elemental Analysis -- 11.3.5 Metals Content -- 11.3.6 Pour Point -- 11.3.7 Viscosity -- 11.3.8 Volatility -- 11.3.9 Water Content, Salt Content, Bottom Sediment and Water (BS&amp -- W) -- 11.4 Determination of Instability and Incompatibility -- References -- Chapter 12 Use of the Data -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Use of the Data -- 12.3 Process Analysis and Feedstock Mapping -- 12.3.1 Property Predictions -- 12.3.2 Predicting Separations -- 12.3.3 Process Predictability -- 12.4 Environmental Aspects of Processing -- 12.4.1 Gaseous Emissions -- 12.4.2 Liquid Effluents -- 12.4.3 Solid Effluents -- 12.5 Analytical Methods for Environmental Regulations -- 12.5.1 Definitions -- 12.5.2 Environmental Regulations -- 12.5.3 Environmental Analysis -- References -- Glossary -- Conversion Factors -- Index -- EULA.Heavy oilTestingAnalytical chemistryHeavy oilTesting.Analytical chemistry.553.2/82Speight James G.17073MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910830490803321Handbook of heavy oil properties and analysis3956604UNINA