05332nam 2200673 a 450 991083019470332120230331010854.01-282-81743-497866128174340-470-93837-40-470-93836-6(CKB)2670000000048263(EBL)624436(OCoLC)670428958(SSID)ssj0000419100(PQKBManifestationID)11251990(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000419100(PQKBWorkID)10382001(PQKB)11488838(MiAaPQ)EBC624436(EXLCZ)99267000000004826319870917d1988 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrGuidelines for vapor release mitigation[electronic resource] /prepared by Richard W. Prugh and Robert W. Johnson for Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical EngineersNew York, N.Y. American Institute of Chemical Engineersc19881 online resource (172 p.)Description based upon print version of record.0-8169-0401-4 Includes bibliographies and index.Guideline for Vapor Release Mitigation; CONTENTS; Preface; Acknowledgments; Summary; Glossary; 1. Introduction; 1.1 Objective; 1.2 Hazard of Accidental Vapor Cloud Releases; 1.3 Types of Vapor Clouds; 1.3.1 Flammable Vapor Clouds; 1.3.2 Toxic Vapor Clouds; 1.3.3 Flammable-Toxic Vapor Clouds; 1.3.4 Other Types of Vapor Clouds; 1.4 Forms of Vapor Release; 1.5 Release Causes; 1.6 Possible Consequences of Vapor Cloud Releases; 1.6.1 Toxic Effects; 1.6.2 Fires; 1.6.3 Explosions; 1.7 Analysis of the Need for Mitigation; 1.8 Vapor Release Mitigation Approaches2. Mitigation through Inherently Safer Plants2.1 Inventory Reduction; 2.2 Chemical Substitution; 2.3 Process Modification; 2.3.1 Refrigerated Storage; 2.3.2 Dilution; 2.4 Siting Considerations; 3. Engineering Design Approaches to Mitigation; 3.1 Plant Physical Integrity; 3.1.1 Design Practices; 3.1.2 Materials of Construction; 3.2 Process Integrity; 3.2.1 Identification of Reactants and Solvents; 3.2.2 Limits on Operating Conditions; 3.2.3 Process Control Systems; 3.2.4 Pressure Relief Systems; 3.2.4.1 Relief Devices; 3.2.4.2 Relief Headers; 3.3 Process Design Features for Emergency Control3.3.1 Emergency Relief Treatment Systems3.3.1.1 Active Scrubbers.; 3.3.1.2 Passive Scrubbers; 3.3.1.3 Stacks; 3.3.1.4 Flares; 3.3.1.5 Catchtanks for Vapor-Liquid Separation; 3.3.1.6 Incinerators; 3.3.1.7 Absorbers; 3.3.1.8 Adsorbers; 3.3.1.9 Condensers; 3.3.2 Emergency Process Abort Systems; 3.3.3 Emergency Isolation of Leak/Break; 3.3.3.1 Isolation Devices; 3.3.3.2 Remote Isolation.; 3.3.3.3 Inspection and Testing of Isolation Devices; 3.3.4 Emergency Transfer of Materials; 3.3.4.1 Transfer of Vapor/Cover Gas to Reduce Driving Pressure3.3.4.2 Transfer of Liquids to Reduce Inventory Available for Release3.4 Spill Containment; 3.4.1 Double Containment; 3.4.2 Enclosures and Walls; 3.4.3 Dikes, Curbs, Trenches, and Impoundments; 4. Process Safety Management Approaches to Mitigation; 4.1 Operating Policies and Procedures; 4.2 Training for Vapor Release Prevention and Control; 4.3 Audits and Inspections; 4.4 Equipment Testing; 4.5 Maintenance Programs; 4.6 Modifications and Changes; 4.7 Methods for Stopping a Leak; 4.7.1 Patching; 4.7.2 Freezing; 4.8 Security; 5. Mitigation through Early Vapor Detection and Warning5.1 Detectors and Sensors5.1.1 Types of Sensors; 5.1.1.1 Combustion; 5.1.1.2 Catalytic; 5.1.1.3 Electrical; 5.1.1.4 Chemical Reaction; 5.1.1.5 Visual; 5.1.1.6 Absorption/Scattering; 5.1.2 Response Time of Sensors; 5.1.3 Positioning of Sensors; 5.2 Detection by Personnel; 5.2.1 Odor Warning Properties; 5.2.2 Color or Fog; 5.3 Alarm Systems; 6. Mitigation through Countermeasures; 6.1 Vapor/Liquid Releases; 6.2 Vapor Release Countermeasures; 6.2.1 Water Sprays; 6.2.2 Water Curtains; 6.2.3 Steam Curtains; 6.2.4 Air Curtains; 6.2.5 Deliberate Ignition; 6.2.6 Ignition Source Control6.3 Liquid Release CountermeasuresGuidelines for Vapor Release Mitigation is a survey of current industrial practice for controlling accidental releases of hazardous vapors and preventing their escape from the source area.Chemical plantsEnvironmental aspectsPetroleum chemicals industryEnvironmental aspectsVaporsEnvironmental aspectsHazardous substancesEnvironmental aspectsChemical plantsEnvironmental aspects.Petroleum chemicals industryEnvironmental aspects.VaporsEnvironmental aspects.Hazardous substancesEnvironmental aspects.660.2804Prugh Richard W994853Johnson Robert W(Robert William),1955-977309American Institute of Chemical Engineers.Center for Chemical Process Safety.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910830194703321Guidelines for vapor release mitigation2278856UNINA