03778nam 2200553Ia 450 991082904030332120230422045231.0(CKB)1000000000450568(EBL)3377518(SSID)ssj0000226823(PQKBManifestationID)11200532(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000226823(PQKBWorkID)10258195(PQKB)10194295(MiAaPQ)EBC3377518(Au-PeEL)EBL3377518(CaPaEBR)ebr10071559(OCoLC)923271147(EXLCZ)99100000000045056820050324d2000 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrPreventing the forward contamination of Europa[electronic resource] /Task Group on the Forward Contamination of Europa, Space Studies Board, Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications, National Research CouncilWashington, D.C. National Academy Pressc20001 online resource (53 p.)"Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 96013 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration"--P. [ii].0-309-57554-0 Includes bibliographical references.""Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa""; ""Copyright""; ""Foreword""; ""Preface""; ""Contents""; ""Executive Summary""; ""1 Planetary Protection Policies""; ""HISTORY""; ""PROTECTING MARS""; ""BOX 1.1 VIKING�S APPROACH TO BIOLOAD REDUCTION""; ""Presterilization""; ""Sterilization""; ""REFERENCES""; ""2 Europa""; ""EUROPA EXPLORATION STRATEGY""; ""EUROPA�S RADIATION ENVIRONMENT""; ""REFERENCES""; ""3 Life in Extreme Environments""; ""EXTREMOPHILES""; ""EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS""; ""REFERENCES""; ""4 Sterilization and Cleaning Methods""; ""CLEANING AND STERILIZATION STANDARDS""""ACHIEVING THE STANDARDS""""BOX 4.1 CURRENT CLEAN-ROOM PROCEDURES""; ""REFERENCE""; ""5 Microbial Detection and Identification""; ""REFERENCES""; ""6 Recommended Planetary Protection Strategy for Europa""; ""PLANETARY PROTECTION STRATEGY FOR EUROPA""; ""MAJORITY AND MINORITY VIEWPOINTS""; ""Applicability of the Current Planetary Protection Strategies to Europa""; ""Survival of Terrestrial Microbes on Europa""; ""CONCLUSIONS""; ""REFERENCES""; ""7 Conclusions and Recommendations""; ""Appendixes""; ""A Calculating the Probability of Contamination, Pc,""; ""A SAMPLE METHODOLOGY""""Microbial Populations On Spacecraft""""F1�Total Number of Cells Relative to Cultured Cells""; ""F2�Bioburden Reduction Treatment""; ""F3�Cruise Survival Fraction""; ""F4�Radiation Survival""; ""F5�Probability of Landing at an Active Site""; ""F6�Burial Fraction""; ""F7�Probability That an Organism Survives and Proliferates""; ""F7a�Survivability of Exposure Environments""; ""F7b�Availability of Nutrients""; ""F7c�Suitability of Energy Sources""; ""F7d�Suitability for Active Growth""; ""Joint Probability for F7""; ""Conclusions from the Illustrative Calculation""""REFERENCES""""B Glossary""Space vehiclesSterilizationMicrobial contaminationEuropa (Satellite)Europa (Satellite)Space vehiclesSterilization.Microbial contamination523.985United States.National Aeronautics and Space Administration.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910829040303321Preventing the forward contamination of Europa3935398UNINA