04010oam 22008534 450 991082687240332120240410162808.01-4623-0037-51-4527-0676-X1-283-51366-897866138261141-4519-0870-9(CKB)3360000000443603(EBL)3014494(SSID)ssj0000940117(PQKBManifestationID)11483772(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000940117(PQKBWorkID)10948461(PQKB)10858459(OCoLC)694141178(MiAaPQ)EBC3014494(IMF)WPIEE2006074(EXLCZ)99336000000044360320020129d2006 uf 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrDeterminants of Venezuela’s Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate /Juan Zalduendo1st ed.Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,2006.1 online resource (19 p.)IMF Working Papers"March 2006."1-4518-6334-9 Includes bibliographical references.""Contents""; ""I. INTRODUCTION""; ""II. THE FRAMEWORK""; ""III. ADJUSTING FOR THE PARALLEL EXCHANGE MARKET""; ""IV. ASSESSMENT OF OVER- OR UNDER-VALUATION""; ""V. CONCLUSIONS""; ""References""The Venezuelan Bolivar is pegged to the U.S. dollar and supported by foreign exchange restrictions. To assess the appropriateness of the peg during the current period of high oil export earnings and the likely consequences of a liberalization, this paper attempts to disentangle the effects of oil prices from other factors underlying the equilibrium real exchange rate, and examines the role of foreign exchange controls by extending the application of a vector error correction (VEC) model to parallel market exchange rates. Several findings are worth noting. First, oil prices have indeed played a significant role in determining a time-varying equilibrium real exchange rate path. Second, oil prices are not the only important determinant of the real effective exchange rate: declining productivity is also a key factor. Third, appreciation pressures are rising. Finally, the speed of convergence of a VEC model using parallel rather than official rates is higher, suggesting that the government has been able to maintain sharp deviations between the official and equilibrium rates because of Venezuela's oil dependency and the concentration of oil income in government hands.IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;No. 2006/074Foreign exchange ratesVenezuelaEconometric modelsForeign exchangeVenezuelaForeign ExchangeimfMacroeconomicsimfEnergy: Demand and SupplyimfPricesimfCurrencyimfForeign exchangeimfReal exchange ratesimfOil pricesimfReal effective exchange ratesimfMultiple currency practicesimfExchange ratesimfVenezuela, República Bolivariana deimfForeign exchange ratesEconometric models.Foreign exchangeForeign ExchangeMacroeconomicsEnergy: Demand and SupplyPricesCurrencyForeign exchangeReal exchange ratesOil pricesReal effective exchange ratesMultiple currency practicesExchange ratesZalduendo Juan1610666International Monetary Fund.Western Hemisphere Dept.DcWaIMFBOOK9910826872403321Determinants of Venezuela’s Equilibrium Real Exchange Rate4077573UNINA