11287nam 2200649 a 450 991082567190332120240417000347.01-280-21164-497866102116470-309-56192-20-585-02276-3(CKB)110986584753386(OCoLC)70739689(CaPaEBR)ebrary10068356(SSID)ssj0000203235(PQKBManifestationID)12057895(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000203235(PQKBWorkID)10258534(PQKB)10921550(MiAaPQ)EBC3377124(Au-PeEL)EBL3377124(CaPaEBR)ebr10068356(OCoLC)814277813(EXLCZ)9911098658475338619940706d1994 ua 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrMinding the helm marine navigation and piloting /Committee on Advances in Navigation and Piloting, Marine Board, Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19941 online resource (522 p.) Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph0-309-04829-X Includes bibliographical references (p. 463-486) and index.Minding the Helm -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Preface -- BACKGROUND -- NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STUDY -- SCOPE OF STUDY -- REPORT ORGANIZATION -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- Overview of Marine Navigation and Piloting -- Synopsis of Major Findings and Recommendations -- RISK IN THE MARINE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT -- Major Findings -- Summary Recommendations -- HUMAN SYSTEMS -- Major Findings -- Summary Recommendations -- MARINE PILOTAGE -- Major Findings -- Pilotage Practice -- Pilotage Standards -- Jurisdiction and Licensing -- Pilotage of Coastwise Tugs and Tows -- Summary Recommendations -- Standards -- Jurisdiction and Licensing -- Coastwise Tugs and Tows -- WATERWAYS MANAGEMENT -- Major Findings -- Port-State Control -- Marine Traffic Regulation -- Summary Recommendations -- Port-State Control -- Marine Traffic Regulation -- NAVIGATION AND PILOTING TECHNOLOGY -- Major Findings -- Introduction of New Technology and Performance Criteria -- Hydrographic and Topographic Data -- Positioning Systems -- Integrated Bridge and Control Systems -- Traditional Aids to Navigation -- Summary Recommendations -- Introduction of New Technology -- Institutional Considerations -- Hydrographic and Topographic Data -- Positioning Systems -- Traditional Aids to Navigation -- MARITIME RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT -- Major Findings -- Summary Recommendations -- 1 The Marine Navigation and Piloting System -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- PILOTAGE -- VESSEL AND WATERWAY SYSTEMS -- Port and Waterway Design and Operation -- Waterways Management -- Marine Traffic Regulation -- Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) -- Traffic Control Issues -- Port-State Versus Flag-State Control -- Economic Versus Social Regulation -- HUMAN SYSTEMS -- Shiphandling Skills -- Masters -- Deck Officers -- Bridge Team Support -- TECHNOLOGY.ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURES AND STRUCTURES FOR DECISION-MAKING -- RISK AND CHANGE IN THE MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING SYSTEM -- Assessing Risk -- Changes in the Marine Navigation and Piloting System -- Marine Industry Issues -- Public Safety Issues -- The Marine Accident Record -- THE PILOTAGE CONTROVERSY -- 2 Piloting Practices -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- PILOTAGE OVERVIEW -- Pilots -- Types of Pilots -- Numbers of Pilots -- Pilot Services -- Pilot Grounds -- Governance -- Master-Pilot Relationships -- Pilot Responsibilities -- Pilot Compensation -- Professional Development -- Development of Federal Pilots -- Development of Marine Pilots and Docking Masters -- Pilots and Modern Technology -- PILOTAGE SYSTEMS AND MODELS -- The Role of Pilotage Models -- Central Features of a Complete Pilotage System -- Changing Pilotage Systems -- 3 Pilotage Administration -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- REGULATING PROFESSIONS AND PROFESSIONALS -- FEDERAL REGULATION OF PILOTAGE -- Federal Pilotage Requirements -- Waters and Vessels Subject to Federal Pilotage -- Federal Licensing Requirements -- Federal Pilot Examinations -- Official Discipline Under the Federal Pilotage System -- Coast Guard Resources for Overseeing Pilotage -- Assessment of Federal Pilotage -- STATE REGULATION OF PILOTAGE -- State Pilotage Requirements -- State-Level Resources for Administering Pilotage -- State Pilotage Boards -- State Pilot Associations -- Training and Professional Development -- Pilot Discipline and Operational Oversight Under State Systems -- Assessment of State Pilotage Systems -- OTHER FORMS OF PILOTAGE -- Docking, Undocking, and Mooring Services -- Docking and Mooring Masters -- Training and Practice -- Accountability -- Assessment of Docking and Mooring Services for Vessels in Foreign Trade -- Pilotage in Federal Canals -- Pilotage in the Towing Industry.Pilotage for Coastwise Towing Industry Vessels -- Pilotage of Inland Towing Vessels -- Public Criticism of Pilotage in the Towing Industry -- Pilotage of Military Sealift Command Ships -- Pilotage of Inland Passenger Vessels -- Pilotage for Dredges -- European and British Columbia Pilotage Systems -- Pilotage Systems -- Pilot Qualifications -- Pilot Training Using Shiphandling Simulation -- IMPROVING PILOTAGE PRACTICES AND ADMINISTRATION -- Alternatives for Improving Pilotage Systems -- Establish National Guidelines or Standards -- Establish Code of Professional Ethics -- Establish Universal Entry-level Qualifications -- Require Emergency Shiphandling Training -- Require Continuing Professional Development -- Require Pilot Recertification -- Verification of Professional Competence -- Establish Vessel Type and Size Criteria for Federal Pilotage -- Relieve Federal Pilots of Non-Pilotage Duties -- Closing Institutional Gaps -- Jurisdictional Gaps in Ship Pilotage, Docking, and Mooring -- Docking, Undocking, and Vessel Transport Services -- Redefining the Pilot's Role -- Master-Pilot Working Relationship -- Marine Pilot Responsibilities Relative to Substandard Ships -- Improving Pilotage in the Towing Industry -- Consolidating Pilotage into a Single Program for Each Port and Waterway System -- Consolidating Ship Pilotage Under a Single Authority -- Implementing National Standards and a Port-Level Pilotage System -- 4 Risk, the Operating Environment, and Safety -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- RISK -- Decision Analysis and Risk -- Decision Analysis -- Risk Analysis -- Relationship Between Probabilistic Risk and Perceived Risk -- RISK IN MARINE TRANSPORTATION -- Considerations in Reducing the Probability of Accidents -- Traditional Risk Management by Mariners -- Assessing Risk in Marine Transportation -- Consequences of Risk.THE OPERATING ENVIRONMENT FROM A RISK ASSESSMENT PERSPECTIVE -- A Tale of Six Rivers -- Vessel Behavior -- Forces Acting on a Ship -- Controlled Hydrodynamic Interactions -- Transit Considerations -- ISSUES TO BE ADDRESSED BY QUANTITATIVE RISK MANAGEMENT -- Data Limitations -- Causal Factors in Marine Accidents -- Communications -- Navigation Technology -- Shore- and Waterway-based Navigation Support Services -- Data on Pilotage Risk -- Controversy Over Pilot Safety Performance -- IMPROVING RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT, AND COMMUNICATION -- Establish a Near-Miss Reporting System -- Establish an Exposure Data Base -- Establish a Comprehensive Risk Assessment Program -- 5 Marine Traffic Regulation -- SUMMARY -- REGULATION OF MARINE AND AIR TRAFFIC -- COMPARISON OF AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL AND MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION -- Overview -- Federal Marine and Aviation Infrastructures -- The National Airspace System -- Applying the Aviation Model to Marine Transportation -- Comparing the Aviation and Marine Operating Environments -- Additional Considerations in the Marine Setting -- MARINE ALTERNATIVES TO THE AVIATION MODEL -- Overview -- Existing VTS Systems -- VTS Programs and Objectives -- VTS Effectiveness -- VTS Operations -- The Marine Community's VTS Advisory Role -- IMPROVING WATERWAYS MANAGEMENT -- Port-by-Port Expansion of VTS -- Adapting the Aviation Model to Marine Transportation -- Shore-based Pilotage -- IMPLEMENTING MORE RIGOROUS MARINE TRAFFIC REGULATION -- 6 Navigation and Piloting Technology -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- SUMMARY OF IMPROVEMENT OPTIONS -- IMPROVING NAVIGATION TECHNOLOGIES -- Passage/Route Planning -- Choosing the Charting Medium -- Scaling Factors -- Accuracy of Nautical Charts -- Options for Immediate Action -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-term Development -- Position Fixing -- The Traditional Approach.The High-Technology Approach -- Supporting Technologies and Resources -- Options for Immediate Action -- Options for Incremental Improvement -- Options for Long-Term Development -- Communications -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-Term Development -- Collision Avoidance and Surveillance -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-Term Development -- Steering and Track Keeping -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-Term Development -- Decision-Making Aids -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-Term Development -- Weather and Environment Monitoring -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-Term Development -- Docking Evolutions -- Options for Incremental Improvements -- Options for Long-Term Development -- TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE -- How Marine Navigation Technology is Adopted -- Marine Transportation Companies and Technological Change -- Mariners and Technological Change -- Pitfalls of the Application Process: Some Examples -- Multiple Equipment Configurations and Regulatory Restrictions -- Performance Objectives and Assessments -- Performance Objectives vs. Equipment Mandates -- Ensuring Pilot and Watch Officer Proficiency -- Technology-Induced Changes to Pilotage -- 7 A Human Systems Perspective on Marine Navigation and Piloting -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- AN ORGANIZATIONAL VIEW OF NAVIGATION AND PILOTING SYSTEMS -- The Operating Environment -- Internal Organizational Processes -- Shipboard Command and Control Organization -- Interrelationships on the Navigation Bridge -- Opportunities for Human Error in Traditional Practices -- APPLYING ORGANIZATIONAL SAFETY STRATEGIES TO MARINE NAVIGATION AND PILOTING -- Recent Innovations in Navigation and Piloting -- Bridge Teams -- One-Person Bridge -- Pilot-CoPilot Model -- Marine Simulation -- Reducing Risk.Command, Control, Communications, and Information.NavigationUnited StatesNavigationUnited StatesSafety measuresPilots and pilotageUnited StatesNavigationNavigationSafety measures.Pilots and pilotage363.12/35/0973MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910825671903321Minding the helm3996651UNINA