04279nam 2200589Ia 450 991046127380332120200520144314.01-61470-080-X(CKB)2670000000136570(EBL)3017987(SSID)ssj0000690246(PQKBManifestationID)11387597(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000690246(PQKBWorkID)10622356(PQKB)11404970(MiAaPQ)EBC3017987(Au-PeEL)EBL3017987(CaPaEBR)ebr10658909(OCoLC)923654275(EXLCZ)99267000000013657020090826d2010 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrImproving the value of health care[electronic resource] /Shaun C. Turner and Erik S. Nguyen, editorsNew York Nova Science Publishersc20101 online resource (147 p.)Health care issues, costs and access seriesDescription based upon print version of record.1-60741-331-0 Includes bibliographical references and index.""IMPROVING THE VALUE OF HEALTH CARE""; ""IMPROVING THE VALUE OF HEALTH CARE""; ""CONTENTS""; ""PREFACE""; ""INCREASING THE VALUE OFFEDERAL SPENDING ON HEALTH CARE""; ""Evidence of Inefficiency""; ""BEHAVIORAL ECONOMICS AND EFFICIENCY IN THE HEALTH SECTOR""; ""PATHWAYS TO IMPROVING EFFICIENCY""; ""INEFFICIENCY AND PRICE TRANSPARENCY FOR SPECIFIC MEDICAL SERVICES""; ""CBOâ€?S ACTIVITIES""; ""End Notes""; ""INCREASING TRANSPARENCY IN THE PRICING OF HEALTH CARE SERVICES AND PHARMACEUTICALS*""; ""WHAT IS PRICE TRANSPARENCY?""; ""WHO BUYS AND SELLS HEALTH CARE AND AT WHAT PRICES?""""WHAT INFORMATION ON PRICES IS AVAILABLE?""""WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF PRICE TRANSPARENCY?""; ""WHAT ARE THE POTENTIAL DISADVANTAGES OF PRICE TRANSPARENCY?""; ""What Factors Might Lead to Higher Prices?""; ""What Factors Might Prevent Higher Prices?""; ""WHAT COULD HAPPEN TO THE RANGE OF PRICES PAID?""; ""WHAT IS THE LIKELY NET EFFECT OF MORE PRICE TRANSPARENCY?""; ""HEALTH CARE SPENDING: CONTEXT AND POLICY*""; ""SUMMARY""; ""HEALTH SPENDING: THE BIG PICTURE""; ""International Perspective""; ""Valuing Spending on Health Care""; ""Economics and Valuing Spending""""Distribution Matters""""KEY ISSUE FOR THE CONGRESS""; ""Federal Spending""; ""Constituents and Complexity""; ""THREE POLICY DIRECTIONS""; ""Changing Health Care""; ""Changing Federal Programs""; ""Changing Tax Policy""; ""Conclusion""; ""End Notes""; ""GETTING BETTER VALUE IN HEALTH CARE: HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON THE BUDGET HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES*""; ""Prepared Statement of Hon. Adrian Smith, a Representative in Congress from the State of Nebraska""; ""sir, for coming. We look forward to your testimony.STATEMENT OF PETER ORSZAG, DIRECTOR, CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE""""STATEMENT OF JEANNE M. LAMBREW, PH.D., ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, LYNDON B. JOHNSON SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS, UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, AND SENIOR FELLOW, CENTER FOR AMERICAN PROGRESS ACTION FUND""""Prepared Statement of Jeanne M. Lambrew, Ph.D., Associate Professor, Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, University of Texas at Austin""; ""ELEMENTS OF A VALUE-ORIENTED SYSTEM""; ""POLICIES TO CREATE THE INFRASTRUCTURE FOR A VALUE-ORIENTED SYSTEM""; ""OPPORTUNITY""; ""STATEMENT OF DAVID GRATZER, M.D., SENIOR FELLOW, MANHATTAN INSTITUTE FOR POLICY RESEARCH""""Prepared Statement of David Gratzer, M.D., Manhattan Institute""""MOVING DECISIONS CLOSER TO FAMILIES""; ""TRANSPARENCY""; ""BETTER INFORMATION ON QUALITY""; ""MORE COMPETITION AND CHOICE""; ""CHAPTER SOURCES""; ""INDEX""Health care issues, costs, and access.Medical care, Cost ofUnited StatesElectronic books.Medical care, Cost of338.4336210973Turner Shaun C906362Nguyen Erik S906363MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910461273803321Improving the value of health care2026962UNINA05364nam 2200661 450 991081520390332120200520144314.00-323-29799-4(CKB)3710000000411297(EBL)2049242(SSID)ssj0001562102(PQKBManifestationID)16204520(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001562102(PQKBWorkID)14833048(PQKB)10661493(Au-PeEL)EBL2049242(CaPaEBR)ebr11055089(CaONFJC)MIL783473(OCoLC)909144600(MiAaPQ)EBC2049242(EXLCZ)99371000000041129720150525h20152015 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrFractography in failure analysis of polymers /Michael D. Hayes, Dale B. Edwards, Anand R. ShahAmsterdam, [Netherlands] :William Andrew,2015.©20151 online resource (253 p.)Plastics Design LibraryDescription based upon print version of record.0-323-24272-3 Includes bibliographical references and index.Front Cover; Fractography in Failure Analysis of Polymers; Copyright Page; Contents; Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Motivations; 1.2 What Is Fractography?; 1.3 Plastic Material Structure-Property Relationship; 1.4 Components of a Failure Investigation; References; 2 Fractography as a Failure Analysis Tool; 2.1 Failure Analysis Fundamentals; 2.1.1 Causes Versus Mechanisms; 2.1.2 Primary Versus Secondary Causes; 2.1.3 Types of Root Causes; 2.1.4 Defects Versus Imperfections; 2.1.5 Deficiencies in Design and Material Selection; 2.2 The Scientific Method2.2.1 Deductive Versus Inductive Reasoning and Fallacies2.3 Application of the Scientific Method; 2.3.1 Multidisciplinary Approach; 2.3.2 The Litigation Standard; 2.4 The Role of Fractography in Failure Analysis; References; 3 Instrumentation and Techniques; 3.1 Field or Site Instrumentation and Techniques; 3.1.1 Information Gathering; 3.1.2 Visual Inspection for Product Specific Information; 3.1.3 Visual ("Naked Eye") and Photographic Techniques; 3.1.4 Field Microscopy; 3.1.5 Photogrammetry and Digitization; 3.2 Microscopic Examination of Fracture Surfaces in a Laboratory3.2.1 Optical Microscopy3.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy; 3.2.2.1 Environmental SEM; 3.3 Consideration and Selection of Instruments in Failure Analysis; 3.4 Summary; 3.5 Regulatory Agencies; References; 4 Fractography Basics; 4.1 Fracture Surface Features and Interpretation; 4.1.1 What Failure Characteristics Are Normally Associated with This Material?; 4.1.2 What Is the Location and Nature of the Fracture Origin?; 4.1.3 Is the Fracture Surface Brittle or Ductile-How Ductile?; 4.1.4 Is the Fracture Surface Smooth or Rough, Dull or Glossy?4.1.5 Is Stress Whitening Present Anywhere on the Fracture Surface?4.1.6 What Is the Nature of Striations and Other Marks on the Fracture Surface-Was the Fracture Fast or Slow?; 4.1.7 Do the Mating Halves of the Fracture Show the Same Crack Direction?; 4.1.8 Is the Crack Straight or Curved?; 4.1.9 Are There Branches, Bifurcations, or T-Junctions of the Crack in the Part?; 4.1.10 Are Both SCG and Fast Fracture Areas Present on the Fracture Surface?; 4.1.11 Is There Any Foreign Material or Chemical Evident on the Surface?; 4.2 Brittle Versus Ductile Failures in Polymers4.2.1 Plane Stress and Plane Strain4.2.2 Cautions; 4.3 Crack Path Analysis; 4.4 Fracture Features; 4.4.1 Fracture Origin(s); 4.4.2 Mirror Zone; 4.4.3 Mist Region; 4.4.4 Rib Markings/Beach Marks; 4.4.5 Hackles; 4.4.6 River Patterns or River Markings; 4.4.7 Wallner Lines; 4.4.8 Fatigue Striations; 4.4.8.1 Fatigue Crack Growth Versus SCG; 4.4.9 Conic or Parabolic Markings; 4.4.10 Ratchet Marks or Ledges; 4.5 Application of Fractography to Failure Analysis; References; 5 Long-Term Failure Mechanisms in Plastics; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Creep; 5.3 SCG/Creep Rupture; 5.4 Environmental Stress Cracking5.4.1 Differentiating SCG/Creep from ESC Fractography in Failure Analysis of Polymers provides a practical guide to the science of fractography and its application in the failure analysis of plastic components. In addition to a brief background on the theory of fractography, the authors discuss the various fractographic tools and techniques used to identify key fracture characteristics. Case studies are included for a wide range of polymer types, applications, and failure modes, as well as best practice guidelines enabling engineers to apply these lessons to their own work. Detailed images and their appropriate context are presenPlastics Design LibraryMaterialsFatiguePolymersFractureMaterialsFatigue.PolymersFracture.620.1126Hayes Michael D.60709Edwards Dale B.Shah Anand R.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910815203903321Fractography in failure analysis of polymers4086039UNINA