05432nam 2200937 a 450 991081418100332120240418025229.00-8122-4375-71-283-89697-40-8122-0572-310.9783/9780812205725(CKB)3240000000064742(OCoLC)847550599(CaPaEBR)ebrary10642666(SSID)ssj0000631054(PQKBManifestationID)11390400(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000631054(PQKBWorkID)10591318(PQKB)11180039(SSID)ssj0000810434(PQKBManifestationID)12357072(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000810434(PQKBWorkID)10828250(PQKB)11564267(DE-B1597)449472(OCoLC)1013941230(OCoLC)979756380(DE-B1597)9780812205725(Au-PeEL)EBL3441914(CaPaEBR)ebr10642666(CaONFJC)MIL420947(MiAaPQ)EBC3441914(EXLCZ)99324000000006474220110628d2012 uy 0engur|||||||||||txtccrAn army of lions[electronic resource] the civil rights struggle before the NAACP /Shawn Leigh Alexander1st ed.Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Pressc20121 online resource (408 p.)Politics and Culture in Modern AmericaPolitics and culture in modern AmericaBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph0-8122-2244-X Includes bibliographical references and index.Aceldama and the black response -- "Stand their ground on this civil rights business" -- Interregnum and resurrection -- Not just "a bubble in soap water" -- To awaken the conscience of America -- Invasion of the Tuskegee machine -- An army of mice or an army of lions? -- "It is strike now or never.In January 1890, journalist T. Thomas Fortune stood before a delegation of African American activists in Chicago and declared, "We know our rights and have the courage to defend them," as together they formed the Afro-American League, the nation's first national civil rights organization. Over the next two decades, Fortune and his fellow activists organized, agitated, and, in the process, created the foundation for the modern civil rights movement.An Army of Lions: The Civil Rights Struggle Before the NAACP traces the history of this first generation of activists and the organizations they formed to give the most comprehensive account of black America's struggle for civil rights from the end of Reconstruction to the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in 1909. Here a host of leaders neglected by posterity-Bishop Alexander Walters, Mary Church Terrell, Jesse Lawson, Lewis G. Jordan, Kelly Miller, George H. White, Frederick McGhee, Archibald Grimké-worked alongside the more familiar figures of Ida B. Wells-Barnett, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Booker T. Washington, who are viewed through a fresh lens.As Jim Crow curtailed modes of political protest and legal redress, members of the Afro-American League and the organizations that formed in its wake-including the Afro-American Council, the Niagara Movement, the Constitution League, and the Committee of Twelve-used propaganda, moral suasion, boycotts, lobbying, electoral office, and the courts, as well as the call for self-defense, to end disfranchisement, segregation, and racial violence. In the process, the League and the organizations it spawned provided the ideological and strategic blueprint of the NAACP and the struggle for civil rights in the twentieth century, demonstrating that there was significant and effective agitation during "the age of accommodation."African AmericansCivil rightsHistory19th centuryAfrican AmericansCivil rightsHistory20th centuryCivil rights movementsCivil rightsHistory19th centuryCivil rights movementsCivil rightsHistory20th centuryAfrican AmericansPolitics and government19th centuryAfrican AmericansPolitics and government20th centuryAfrican AmericansSocial conditionsTo 1964United StatesRace relationsHistory19th centuryUnited StatesRace relationsHistory20th centuryAmerican History.American Studies.Human Rights.Law.Political Science.Public Policy.African AmericansCivil rightsHistoryAfrican AmericansCivil rightsHistoryCivil rights movementsCivil rightsHistoryCivil rights movementsCivil rightsHistoryAfrican AmericansPolitics and governmentAfrican AmericansPolitics and governmentAfrican AmericansSocial conditions323.1196/073Alexander Shawn Leigh1642439MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910814181003321An army of lions3987141UNINA