11374oam 22005533 450 991079582940332120220831091349.09781118419441(electronic bk.)9781118162347(MiAaPQ)EBC1582845(Au-PeEL)EBL1582845(CaPaEBR)ebr10822330(CaONFJC)MIL553330(OCoLC)866450286(EXLCZ)991764220030004120220831d2013 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierEnvironmental Health Law An Introduction1st ed.New York, NY :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,2013.©2014.1 online resource (380 pages)Print version: Carruth, Russellyn S. Environmental Health Law New York, NY : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2013 9781118162347 Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Text Boxes, Figures, and Tables -- Preface -- The Authors -- Chapter 1 Overview of the US Legal System -- The Structure of American Government -- Separation of Powers: Federal and State -- Separation of Powers: Branches of Government -- Who Takes Care of Health and the Environment? -- Sources of American Law -- Constitutions -- Legislation -- Executive Lawmaking -- Judge-Made Law -- Chapter 2 Transparency and Accountability in the Executive Branch: Judicial Review and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) -- Judicial Review -- Review of Agency Regulations -- The Requirement of Finality -- Standard of Review -- Judicial Deference -- Remedies -- Judicial Review of Agency Inaction -- National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) -- NEPA Doesn't Compel a Specific Action -- When Is an EIS Required? -- EIS Process -- Judicial Review -- Does NEPA Do Any Good? -- Chapter 3 Clean Air Act (CAA) -- Background -- Introduction to the Clean Air Act -- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) -- Criteria Pollutants -- Ambient Air Standards -- Regulating Emissions -- Defining New Sources -- New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) -- New Source Review (NSR) -- Nonattainment New Source Review -- Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) Program -- State Attainment Plan -- Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) -- Identifying Hazardous Air Pollutants -- Regulation of Hazardous Air Pollutants -- Enforcement -- Civil Actions -- Administrative Enforcement -- Criminal Actions -- Rewards -- Mobile Source Controls -- New Vehicle Controls -- Inspection and Maintenance of In-Use Vehicles -- Controls on Fuels -- Acid Rain Program -- Target Sources -- Reducing Stationary Source Emissions of SO2 and NOx -- Cross-Border Air Pollution -- Greenhouse Gases -- Endangerment Finding -- EPA Action.Chapter 4 Clean Water Act (CWA) -- Scope and Basics -- Legislative Goal -- The Discharge Prohibition -- Major Programs -- National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) -- Some Definitions -- Permit Requirement -- Technology-Based Effluent Standards -- The Process of Promulgating Technology-Based Standards -- Types of Dischargers -- Types of Pollutants -- Technology-Based Standards -- Beyond Technology-Based Standards: Water Quality Safety Net -- Water Quality Standards -- Impaired Waters -- Enforcement -- Actions and Penalties -- Enforcement Strategy -- Pretreatment Program for Indirect Dischargers -- Pretreatment Requirements -- Implementation and Enforcement of Pretreatment Program -- Discharges of Fill and Dredged Materials -- Wetlands -- The Permitting Process -- Penalties for Violations -- But That's My Private Property! -- Chapter 5 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) -- Who Is Regulated: Public Water Systems -- What Is a Public Water System (PWS)? -- Regulatory Approach -- What Contaminants Are Regulated? -- Regulatory Criteria -- Contaminant List -- Updating the Contaminant List -- National Drinking Water Regulations -- Primary Standards -- Secondary Standards -- Process for Setting Standards -- Keeping Consumers Informed -- A Closer Look at Public Water Systems -- Classification by Size -- Classification by Who Drinks the Water and How Often -- A Few More Interesting Statistics -- Source Water -- Where Does the Water Come From? -- Protection of Source Water -- Enforcement -- Enforcement Actions -- Emergency Enforcement Actions -- Chapter 6 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA or ``Superfund Act'') -- Overview and Definitions -- What's a Hazardous Substance? -- What's a Release? -- Reporting Releases of Hazardous Substances -- Mandatory Reporting by Facility -- Discovery by Others.Responding to a Release of Hazardous Substances -- Assessment and Ranking -- Response Actions: Removal or Remediation -- What Response Measures Are Available? -- Developing a Response Plan: The Nine Criteria -- Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry -- Evaluating Sites and Hazardous Substances -- Community Outreach -- The Superfund -- What Is the Superfund? -- What Can the Superfund Be Used For? -- Where Does the Superfund's Money Come From? -- Liability -- Liability for What? -- Potentially Responsible Parties -- Liability Is Broad -- What If a Potentially Responsible Party Pays More Than Its Fair Share? -- Orphan Share -- Brownfields -- Chapter 7 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) -- What Is a Hazardous Waste? -- What Is a Solid Waste? -- What Makes a Solid Waste "Hazardous"? -- Loopholes and Exceptions -- Cradle-to-Grave Regulation -- Generators -- The Tracking System -- Transporters -- TSD Facilities -- Waste Minimization -- Enforcement -- Underground Storage Tanks -- Definitions -- Regulatory Requirements -- Chapter 8 Oil Pollution Act (OPA) -- Overview -- Scope -- Implementation -- Key Definitions -- Spill Prevention -- Spill Response -- Notification -- Equipment -- Personnel -- Lines of Authority -- Planning -- Responder Immunity -- Liability and Penalties -- Strict Liability -- What the Responsible Party Is Liable For -- Joint and Several Liability -- Limitations on Liability -- Penalties -- Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund -- Uses of the Fund -- Where the Money Comes From -- Chapter 9 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) -- Overview -- Purpose -- Substances Regulated -- Implementation -- Emergency Planning Provisions -- State and Local Government Planning Responsibilities -- State Emergency Response Commission -- Local Emergency Planning Committee -- Local Emergency Plan -- Data Reporting.Toxic Release Inventory -- Release Reporting Requirements -- Chapter 10 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) -- Background -- Purpose of the Act -- Structure and Implementation -- Scope of the Act -- Regulatory Approach -- What Are Employers' Duties? -- Duty to Comply with Specific Standards -- General Duty to Provide a Safe Workplace -- Health Standards -- Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) -- Monitoring and Other Requirements -- Setting Health Standards: Consensus, Permanent, Emergency Temporary -- Consensus Standards -- Permanent Standards -- Emergency Temporary Standards -- Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) -- Introduction -- Safety Data Sheet (SDS) -- Labels and Placards -- Training of Workers -- Employer's Written Hazard Communication Program -- Records and Reporting -- Workplace Injuries -- Where Hazardous Substances Are Involved -- Monitoring and Enforcement -- Chapter 11 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) -- Scope and Implementation -- Who Is Regulated? -- What Chemicals Are Regulated? -- TSCA Inventory -- New Chemicals -- New Chemicals Program -- Premanufacture Notice -- Testing Triggers -- Test Rule -- Regulation -- Existing Chemicals -- Significant New Use -- What Is a Significant New Use? -- Significant New Use Rule -- Chapter 12 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) -- Background -- Definitions -- Pesticide Registration Program -- Criteria for Registration -- Labeling -- Manufacturer's Burden of Proof -- Balancing of Risks and Benefits -- Removing Pesticides from the Market -- Cancellation of Registration -- Suspension of Registration -- Compensation for Cancellation -- Regulation of Pesticide Use -- Restrictions on Allowable Use -- Restrictions on Who Can Use -- Legally Binding -- Nearly Exclusive Federal Control -- Limited State Role -- No Citizen Suits -- Tort Lawsuits.Chapter 13 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) -- Purpose and Programs -- Implementation -- Foods -- What Is Food? -- Adulterated Foods -- Labeling and Misbranding -- Food Safety Modernization Act -- Drugs and Medical Devices -- What Are Drugs? -- Pre-approval of New Drugs -- Misbranding of Drugs -- Adulterated Drugs -- Dietary Supplements -- What Is Regulated -- Requirements for New Products -- Misbranding -- Adulterated Dietary Supplements -- Incident Reports -- Tobacco -- Basics -- Product Standards -- Health Warning -- Reduced Risk Claims -- Restrictions on Sales -- Restrictions on Marketing -- Disclosure, Administrative, and Other Requirements -- Limits on FDA Authority -- Chapter 14 Common Law: Toxic Torts -- Tort Law: An Overview -- What Is a Tort? -- Purposes of the Tort System -- Burden of Proof -- Remedies -- Contributory Negligence: What If the Plaintiff Is Partly at Fault? -- Joint and Several Liability: What If There Are Multiple Defendants? -- What If the Injury Occurred on the Job? -- Sovereign Immunity: Can You Sue the Government? -- Toxic Torts -- Causes of Action -- Negligence -- Strict Liability for Abnormally Dangerous Activities -- Public Nuisance -- Liability for Defective Product -- Trespass and Nuisance -- Causation Problems in Toxic Tort Litigation -- General Causation versus Specific Causation -- Complicating Factors -- Scientific Evidence -- Toxicology -- Epidemiology -- Scientific Evidence in the Courtroom -- The Debate -- The Daubert Decision -- Help from Nonpartisan Experts -- Mass Litigation -- Pushing the Envelope -- Glossary -- Acronyms -- Resources and Additional Reading -- Index.This important resource offers a comprehensive overview of the major U.S. environmental laws and approaches, strategies, standards, and enforcement techniques by which American law protects our environment and our health. Written for the non-lawyer, the book puts the spotlight on general concepts that go a long way to demystify the American legal system (what law consists of, who makes it, how it is made, and how it is enforced). The authors also introduce the major environmental laws and evaluate issues, controversies and developments in environmental policy.Environmental law -- United StatesPublic health laws -- United StatesEnvironmental health -- Government policy -- United StatesElectronic books.Environmental law -- United States.Public health laws -- United States.Environmental health -- Government policy -- United States.344.7304/6Carruth Russellyn S1511837Goldstein Bernard D47261MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQ9910795829403321Environmental Health Law3745392UNINA12455nam 2200661 450 991081325240332120231108145614.00-7680-8345-11-5231-4041-00-7680-9943-9(CKB)4100000011960472(MiAaPQ)EBC28983913(Au-PeEL)EBL28983913(OCoLC)1292351955(OCoLC)1250636206(CaBNVSL)slc00001463R-455(SAE)9780768099430(EXLCZ)99410000001196047220210507d2021 fy 0engurbn||||m|||atxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierThe design of aircraft landing gear /by Robert Kyle Schmidt1st ed.Warrendale, Pa. (400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale PA USA) :Society of Automotive Engineers,2021.1 online resource (1 PDF (1,090 pages)) illustrationsSociety of Automotive Engineers. Electronic publications0-7680-9942-0 Includes bibliographical references and index.Cover -- Table of Contents -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- A Note on Units -- CHAPTER 1 Introduction -- Brief History of Landing Gear -- Design Process -- Nomenclature -- Book Outline -- References -- CHAPTER 2 Airfield Compatibility -- Flotation/Ground Compatibility -- Common Concepts in Ground Compatibility -- General Overview -- California Bearing Ratio -- Modulus of Subgrade Reaction, k -- Ground Compatibility Nomenclature -- Ground Contact Pressure -- Landing Gear Arrangement Nomenclature -- Ground Compatibility (Flotation) Analysis -- Unpaved Surfaces -- Soil and Grass. -- Unpaved Analysis Method ASD-TR-68-34. -- Alternative Unpaved Analysis Methods. -- Gravel/Aggregate Airfields. -- Paved Surfaces -- Pavement Design Analysis. -- Layered Elastic and Finite Element Analysis. -- Flexible Pavements-Historic Approach. -- Rigid Pavements-Historic Approach. -- Pavement Strength Reporting Methods. -- Load Classification Number/Load Classification Group Method. -- Modern Methods for Paved Runways-ACN/PCN and ACR/PCR. -- ACN/PCN. -- ACR/PCR. -- Membrane and Mat Surfaces -- PCASE Software for Flotation Analysis -- Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS) -- Snow and Ice Runways -- Prepared Snow Runways. -- Ice Runways. -- Helidecks and Heliports -- Naval Vessels/Aircraft Carriers -- Aircraft Carriers. -- Amphibious Warfare Ships. -- Maneuvering -- ICAO Airport Standards -- Required Maneuvers-NAS3601 -- Required Maneuvers-Land-Based Military Aircraft -- Required Maneuvers-Shipboard Military Aircraft -- Surface Texture and Profile -- Paved Runways -- Micro/Macrotexture -- Runway Roughness/Profile and Obstacles -- Roughness Measurement Techniques -- Power Spectral Density Approach -- Boeing Bump Method -- International Roughness Index -- Short Wavelength Roughness -- ProFAA Roughness Evaluation Tool -- Industry Standard Roughness Profiles.Bomb Damage Repair -- Arrestor Cables -- Unsurfaced Runways -- Deck/Helideck -- References -- CHAPTER 3 Tires -- Tire Construction and Terminology -- Construction Terminology -- Tire Dimensions and Properties -- Inflation Pressure -- Tire Temperatures -- Tire Classification -- Selection between Bias and Radial Tires -- Manufacturing, Certification, and Standardization -- Tire Sizing -- Tire Sizing Formulae -- Tire Sizing Requirements -- Tire Tables -- Tire Performance and Modeling -- Mechanics of Pneumatic Tires -- Rolling Behavior -- Turning Behavior -- Vertical Stiffness -- Braking Behavior -- Tire-Ground Friction -- Wet Runways and Hydroplaning -- Snow and Ice -- Wear -- Tire Property and Behavior Models -- NASA Technical Report R-64 -- Brush Model and Fiala Model -- Beam and String Models -- Magic Formula Model -- Undesirable Tire Behavior -- Spray -- Debris Lofting -- Tire Failure Modes -- Modeling Tire Failure Events -- Model 1: Tire Debris Threat Model -- Model 3E: Flailing Tire Strip Threat Model -- Model 3R: Flailing Tire Strip Threat Model -- Model 4: Tire Burst Pressure Effect Threat Model -- Understanding the Impact of Tire Failures -- References -- CHAPTER 4 Wheels, Brakes, and Brake Control -- Brakes -- Aircraft Deceleration -- Brake Sizing -- Energy -- Kinetic Energy Calculation -- Rational Brake Energy Calculation -- Torque -- Brake Design -- Brake Actuation -- Mechanical Connection to the Landing Gear Structure -- Weight -- Wheel and Brake Certification and Recommended Practices -- Brake Issues and Concerns -- Vibration -- Failure and Degradation Modes -- Braking Accessories -- Brake Cooling Fans -- Brake Temperature Measuring Systems -- Retraction Braking -- Wheels -- Bearing Selection and Preload -- Over Temperature and Over Pressure Relief -- Wheel Mass -- Failure Modes -- Bearing Failure -- Wheel Rim Release -- Brake Control.Brake Control Architectures -- Antiskid and Related Functions -- Braking Efficiency -- Antiskid Dynamics -- Antiskid Hardware -- Autobrake -- Failure Modes -- References -- CHAPTER 5 Layout, Stability, and Maneuverability -- Tricycle Arrangement -- Conventional (Taildragger) Configuration -- Bicycle Configuration -- Maneuvering -- References -- CHAPTER 6 General Arrangement -- Energy Absorption -- Aircraft Structural Arrangement -- Landing Gear Topologies -- Common Considerations -- Caster -- Wheel Alignment -- Cantilever -- Cantilever Gear Bearing Overlap -- Pogo-Stick Design -- Torque Links and Splines -- Semi-Articulated -- Articulated -- Side-Hinged Articulated -- Multi-Wheel Bogie Arrangements -- Other Configurations -- Wheel-Less Configurations -- Skids and Skis -- Adaptive Structure -- Seaplanes, Floats, and Hydrofoils -- Air Cushion -- References -- CHAPTER 7 Shock Absorbers -- Damping -- Friction Damping -- Hydraulic Damping -- Other Damping Types -- Recoil Damping -- Structural Spring Types -- Coil Spring -- Ring-Spring -- Leaf Spring -- Elastomeric -- Pneumatic -- Liquid Spring -- Liquid Spring Sizing -- Liquid Spring Examples and Issues -- Oleo-Pneumatic -- Oleo-Pneumatic Sizing -- Refinements -- Real Gas Model -- Inflation Gas Solubility in Oil -- Design for Real-World Operation -- Example Single Stage Oleo-Pneumatic Shock Absorbers -- Multiple Stage Oleo-Pneumatic Shock Absorbers -- Active Shock Absorbers -- Shock Absorber Design Considerations -- Seals -- Inflation and Fill Valves -- Servicing -- Shock Absorber Oil -- Single Use Shock Absorbers: Crashworthiness and Space Applications -- Rotorcraft Ground Resonance -- References -- CHAPTER 8 Retraction, Kinematics, and Mechanisms -- Retraction/Extension -- Sliding Systems -- Hinged Systems -- Parallelogram Arrangements -- Secondary Motion -- Additional Hinge Axis -- Wheel Rotation.Planing Mechanisms -- Shortening -- Bogie Positioning -- Bogie-Controlled Articulation -- Stabilization, Locking, and Unlocking -- Planar Braces -- Telescopic Braces -- Rolling-Folding Braces -- Dual Brace (Rolling-Folding) -- Plunger Locks -- Over-Center Locks -- Self-Breaking Locks -- Latch Locks -- Ground Locks -- Springs -- Door Mechanisms -- Gear-Actuated Doors -- Independently Actuated Doors -- Ground Door Opening -- Actuation Layout and Loads -- Actuator Load Requirements -- References -- CHAPTER 9 Actuation -- Manual Actuation -- Hydraulic Actuation -- Rotary Hydraulic -- Linear Hydraulic -- Retraction Actuators -- Unlock Actuators -- Bogie Pitch Trimmers -- Internally Locking Actuators -- Collect Lock Actuators. -- Segment Lock Actuators. -- Electric Actuation -- Electro-Hydraulic -- Electro-Mechanical -- References -- CHAPTER 10 Systems -- Power Sources - Electrical, Hydraulic, and Pneumatic -- Electrical -- Hydraulic -- Typical Central Hydraulic Systems -- Dedicated Systems - Hydraulic Power Packs -- Hydraulic Components -- Pneumatic -- Sensors and Monitoring Systems -- Proximity Sensing -- Rotary and Linear Position Sensing -- Pressure and Temperature Sensing -- Electrical and Hydraulic Dressings -- Electrical Dressings -- Hydraulic Dressings -- Weight on Wheels (Air/Ground) Detection -- Extension and Retraction -- Example Systems -- Alternate Extension -- Steering and Steering Control -- Required Steering Torque -- Single Wheel Scrubbing Torque, T s -- Dual Wheel Scrubbing Torque, T s -- Steering Arrangements -- Centering -- Steer Motors and Control -- Rack and Pinion -- Push-Pull -- Rotary Steer Motor -- Shimmy Damping -- Nose Wheel Steering Examples -- Tailwheel Steering -- Main Gear Steering Examples -- Towing Concerns -- Landing and Taxi Lights -- References -- CHAPTER 11 Special Functions -- Catapult and Holdback -- Jump Strut.Hiking and Kneeling -- Autonomous Taxi -- Tire Pre-rotation -- Tail Bumper -- Weight and Balance -- Skis -- References -- CHAPTER 12 Detail Design -- Overview -- Structural Materials -- Steel and Corrosion Resistant Steel -- Aluminum -- Titanium -- Composites -- Surface Treatments -- Surface Modification -- Wear and Sealing Surface Coatings -- Corrosion Protection Coatings -- Inspection -- Corrosion Avoidance -- Stress Corrosion Cracking -- Galvanic Corrosion Avoidance -- Fasteners -- Locking and Dual Locking -- Clearance Requirements for Fastener Installation and Maintenance -- Pins, Lugs, Sockets, and Bushings -- Initial Sizing -- Bushings -- Grease Grooves -- Bushing Installation -- Repair Allowance -- Grease Fittings and Greasing Provisions -- Grease Selection -- Pin and Lug Joint Examples -- Limits and Fits -- Metric System -- US Customary (Inch) System -- Typical Fit Classes for Landing Gear Components -- Springs -- Seals -- Electrical Bonding, Lightning, and Static Dissipation -- Shock Absorber Bearings -- Bogie Pivot Joint -- Towing, Jacking, and Tie-Down Provisions -- Tow Fittings -- Jacking -- Tie-Down -- Emergency Towing (Debogging) -- Crashworthiness -- Fuse Pins -- Maintainability and Murphy Proofing -- References -- CHAPTER 13 Loads, Structural Analysis, and Testing -- Loads -- Ground Loads -- Asymmetrical Loads on Multiple Wheel Landing Gears -- Book Cases -- Taxi, Takeoff, and Landing Roll. -- Braked Roll Conditions. -- Turning. -- Tailwheel-Specific Cases. -- Nose-Wheel-Specific Cases. -- Pivoting. -- Reverse Braking. -- Rational Loads -- Landing Loads -- Level Landing Conditions. -- Tail-Down Landing Condition. -- One Gear Conditions. -- Lateral Drift Landing Case (Side Load). -- Rebound and Free Extension. -- Shock Absorber Pressures. -- Sailplane Specific Loads -- Level Landing Conditions. -- Tail-Down Landing Conditions.One-Wheel Landing Condition.The Design of Aircraft Landing Gear is designed to guide the reader through the key principles of landing system design and to provide additional references when available. Many problems which must be confronted have already been addressed by others in the past, but the information is not known or shared, leading to the observation that there are few new problems, but many new people. It is intended to share much of the existing information and provide avenues for further exploration. The design of an aircraft and its associated systems, including the landing system, involves iterative loops as the impact of each modification to a system or component is evaluated against the whole. It is rare to find that the lightest possible landing gear represents the best solution for the aircraft: the lightest landing gear may require attachment structures which don't exist and which would require significant weight and compromise on the part of the airframe structure design.AirplanesLanding gearDesign and constructionTECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Aeronautics & AstronauticsbisacshAerospace and aviation technologythemaAstronauticsthemaAirplanesLanding gearDesign and construction.TECHNOLOGY & ENGINEERING / Aeronautics & Astronautics.Aerospace and aviation technology.Astronautics.629.134381Schmidt Robert Kyle,1601220Society of Automotive Engineers,CaBNVSLCaBNVSLCaBNVSLUtOrBLWBOOK9910813252403321The design of aircraft landing gear3924731UNINA