07313nam 2200625 a 450 991081219100332120240416234241.01-280-21436-897866102143650-309-59489-80-585-08526-9(CKB)111004366658462(OCoLC)43475693(CaPaEBR)ebrary10056739(SSID)ssj0000103705(PQKBManifestationID)11138364(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000103705(PQKBWorkID)10091699(PQKB)11645052(MiAaPQ)EBC3376466(Au-PeEL)EBL3376466(CaPaEBR)ebr10056739(CaONFJC)MIL21436(OCoLC)923264037(EXLCZ)9911100436665846219910503d1991 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrAnimals as sentinels of environmental health hazards Committee on Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council1st ed.Washington, D.C. National Academy Press19911 online resource (172 p.) Bibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph0-309-04046-9 Includes bibliographical references (p. 137-158).Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- INTRODUCTION -- Purpose of the Study -- Current Use of Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment -- CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS -- Characteristics of Animal Sentinel Systems -- Species -- Exposure Sources -- Duration of Exposure -- Measures of Effect -- Reference Populations -- Objectives of Monitoring Animals Sentinels -- Advantages and Limitations of Animal Sentinel Systems -- Multifactorial Causality -- Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans -- FOOD ANIMALS AS SENTINELS -- COMPANION ANIMALS AS SENTINELS -- FISH AND OTHER WILDLIFE AS SENTINELS -- ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- SELECTION AND APPLICATION OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 1 Introduction -- OVERVIEW -- PURPOSE OF THE STUDY -- HISTORICAL USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS -- CURRENT USE OF ANIMAL SENTINELS IN RISK ASSESSMENT -- STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT -- 2 Concepts and Definitions -- CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS -- Species -- A sentinel should have a measurable response (including accumulation of tissue residues) to the agent or class of agents... -- A sentinel should have a territory or home range that overlaps the area to be monitored -- A sentinel species should be easily enumerated and captured -- A sentinel species must have sufficient population size and density to permit enumeration -- Exposure Sources -- Duration of Exposure -- Measures of Effect -- Reference Populations -- OBJECTIVES OF MONITORING ANIMAL SENTINELS -- Human Health Effects -- Contamination of the Food Chain -- Environmental Contamination -- Adverse Effects on Animals -- ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN OBSERVATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Descriptive Epidemiology -- Analytic Epidemiologic.ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY -- ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS -- Multifactorial Causality -- Measurement of Exposure and Extrapolation to Humans -- 3 Food Animals as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Food Safety and Inspection Service -- National Animal Health Monitoring System -- Market Cattle Identification Program -- Food and Drug Administration -- Shellfish Monitoring Programs -- The National Animal Poison Information Network -- Outbreak Investigation -- Methyl Mercury in Fish -- Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Chickens -- Polybrominated Biphenyls in Cattle -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Sheep and Heavy Metals -- Cattle and Heavy Metals -- Cattle and Fluoride -- SUMMARY -- 4 Companion Animals as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Veterinary Medicine Data Program -- Poison-Control Centers -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Canine Mesothelioma and Asbestos Exposure -- Canine Bladder Cancer and Insecticide Exposure -- Lead Poisoning -- Breast Cancer in Dogs -- Diet and Risk of Breast Cancer -- Diet and Survival with Breast Cancer -- Birds and Polytetrafluoroethylene Exposure -- Low-Level Radiation and Cancer -- Cancer in Vietnam-Service Dogs -- Animal Neoplasm Registry -- SUMMARY -- 5 Fish and Other Wildlife as Sentinels -- DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- National Programs -- National Status and Trends Program -- Mussel Watch -- National Contaminant Biomonitoring Program -- Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals -- Penrose Laboratory of Comparative Pathology -- Quarterly Wildlife Mortality Report -- State/Regional/Local Programs -- Great Lakes -- Chesapeake Bay -- Puget Sound -- Sacramento-San Joaquin Estuary -- ANALYTIC EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES -- Initial Identification of Hazardous Agents.Hazard Identification of Chemical Mixtures -- Indication of Bioavailability of Chemicals at Hazardous-Waste Sites -- Water-Quality Monitoring -- Indicators of Air Pollution -- Risk Characterization of Species Under Study -- Dose-Response Relationships -- Contamination of Human Food Chain -- IN SITU STUDIES -- Fish -- Planarians -- Starlings -- Earthworms -- Honey Bees -- SUMMARY -- 6 Animal Sentinels in Risk Assessment -- USE OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -- Animals as General Environmental Monitors -- Animals as Monitors of Their Own Exposure -- Animals as Monitors of Exposure of Their Consumers -- Animals as Surrogate Monitors of Human Exposure -- USE OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN HAZARD IDENTIFICATION -- Early Warnings: Initial Identification of Hazardous Agents -- Hazard Identification for Chemical Mixtures -- USE OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN DOSE-RESPONSE ASSESSMENT -- USE OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK CHARACTERIZATION -- Risks to Animal Species Under Study -- Risk to Consumers of Animal Species Under Study -- Risk to Humans: Animal Sentinels as Surrogates -- USE OF ANIMAL SENTINEL SYSTEMS IN RISK MANAGEMENT -- Management of Risks to Animal Species Under Study -- Management of Risks to Consumers of Animal Species Under Study -- Management of Risks to Human Health: Animal Sentinels as Surrogates -- Animal Sentinel Systems as Monitors of Effectiveness of Risk Management Actions -- SUMMARY -- 7 Selection and Application of Animal Sentinel Systems in Risk Assessment -- SYSTEM DESIGN -- IMPLEMENTATION -- VALIDATION -- PROGRAM INTEGRATION -- 8 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Appendix Workshop Participants.ToxicologyAnimal modelsBiological monitoringHealth risk assessmentToxicologyAnimal models.Biological monitoring.Health risk assessment.615.9/02MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910812191003321Animals as sentinels of environmental health hazards4111014UNINA