05191nam 2200505 450 991079844270332120230808194148.00-309-38838-40-309-38836-8(CKB)3710000000748908(MiAaPQ)EBC4591889(Au-PeEL)EBL4591889(CaPaEBR)ebr11235781(OCoLC)953662088(EXLCZ)99371000000074890820160803h20162016 uy 0engurcnu||||||||rdacontentrdamediardacarrierUsing graywater and stormwater to enhance local water supplies an assessment of risks, costs, and benefits /Water Science and Technology Board, Division on Earth and Life Studies, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and MedicineWashington, District of Columbia :The National Academies Press,2016.©20161 online resource (224 pages) illustrations (some color)0-309-38835-X 1. Introduction -- 2. Beneficial use options for graywater and stormwater -- 3. Quantities available for beneficial use and potential impacts on water demand -- 4. Quality of graywater and stormwater -- 5. Characterizing and mitigating human health and environmental risks -- 6. State of design practice for stormwater and graywater -- 7. Costs and benefits -- 8. Legal and regulatory issues -- 9. Graywater and stormwater in the context of integrated water supply planning -- 10. Priorities for research -- References -- Appendix A. Calculating the benefits of rooftop runoff capture systems -- Appendix B. Summary of state laws and regulations for graywater and stormwater -- Appendix C. Water Science and Technology Board -- Appendix D. Biographical sketches of committee members and staff."Chronic and episodic water shortages are becoming common in many regions of the United States, and population growth in water-scarce regions further compounds the challenges. Increasingly, alternative water sources such as graywater-untreated wastewater that does not include water from the toilet but generally includes water from bathroom sinks, showers, bathtubs, clothes washers, and laundry sinks- and stormwater-water from rainfall or snow that can be measured downstream in a pipe, culvert, or stream shortly after the precipitation event-are being viewed as resources to supplement scarce water supplies rather than as waste to be discharged as rapidly as possible. Graywater and stormwater can serve a range of non-potable uses, including irrigation, toilet flushing, washing, and cooling, although treatment may be needed. Stormwater may also be used to recharge groundwater, which may ultimately be tapped for potable use. In addition to providing additional sources of local water supply, harvesting stormwater has many potential benefits, including energy savings, pollution prevention, and reducing the impacts of urban development on urban streams. Similarly, the reuse of graywater can enhance water supply reliability and extend the capacity of existing wastewater systems in growing cities. Despite the benefits of using local alternative water sources to address water demands, many questions remain that have limited the broader application of graywater and stormwater capture and use. In particular, limited information is available on the costs, benefits, and risks of these projects, and beyond the simplest applications many state and local public health agencies have not developed regulatory frameworks for full use of these local water resources. To address these issues, Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies analyzes the risks, costs, and benefits on various uses of graywater and stormwater. This report examines technical, economic, regulatory, and social issues associated with graywater and stormwater capture for a range of uses, including non-potable urban uses, irrigation, and groundwater recharge. Using Graywater and Stormwater to Enhance Local Water Supplies considers the quality and suitability of water for reuse, treatment and storage technologies, and human health and environmental risks of water reuse. The findings and recommendations of this report will be valuable for water managers, citizens of states under a current drought, and local and state health and environmental agencies"--Publisher description.Water reuseUnited StatesManagementGraywater (Domestic wastewater)United StatesManagementRunoffUnited StatesManagementWater reuseManagement.Graywater (Domestic wastewater)Management.RunoffManagement.363.7284Water Science and Technology Board.Division on Earth and Life Studies.National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910798442703321Using graywater and stormwater to enhance local water supplies3746397UNINA