08052nam 2200445 450 991079468600332120230630175557.01-5231-4579-X1-63081-835-6(CKB)4100000011815592(MiAaPQ)EBC6554089(Au-PeEL)EBL6554089(OCoLC)1247663543(EXLCZ)99410000001181559220220531d2021 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierEW 105 space electronic warfare /David L. AdamyNorwood, Massachusetts :Artech House,[2021]©20211 online resource (247 pages)Artech House electronic warfare library1-63081-834-8 Includes bibliographical references and index.Machine generated contents note:1.Introduction --1.1.Orbital Relationships --1.2.Book Flow --1.3.History of Signal Intelligence Satellite Programs --1.4.A Note about Orbital Calculations in This Book --2.Spherical Trigonometry --2.1.Plane Trigonometry --2.1.1.The Law of Sines --2.1.2.The Law of Cosines for Sides --2.1.3.The Law of Cosines for Angles --2.1.4.Right Plane Triangle --2.2.The Spherical Triangle --2.3.Trigonometric Relationships in Any Spherical Triangle --2.3.1.Law of Sines for Spherical Triangles --2.3.2.Law or Cosines tor Sides --2.3.3.Law of Cosines for Angles --2.3.4.The Right Spherical Triangle --2.3.5.Napier's Rules --2.4.Examples of Plane and Spherical Triangles Used in Problems --3.Orbit Mechanics --3.1.Elements of an Elliptical Orbit --3.2.Relationship Between the Size of an Orbit and Its Period --3.3.SVP --3.4.An Earth Surface Location --3.5.The Propagation Distance --3.6.Earth Traces --3.6.1.Satellite Earth Trace --3.6.2.Polar Orbit Earth Traces --3.6.3.Synchronous Satellite Earth Traces --3.7.Location of an EW Threat --3.7.1.Calculating the Look Angles --3.7.2.Calculating the Azimuth to the Threat --3.7.3.Calculating Range and Elevation to the Threat Location --3.8.Calculating the Distance to the Horizon --3.8.1.Horizon Distances for Circular Orbits --4.Radio Propagation --4.1.Introduction --4.2.One-Way Link --4.3.Propagation Loss Models --4.3.1.LOS Propagation --4.3.2.Two-Ray Propagation --4.3.3.Minimum Antenna Height for Two-Ray Propagation --4.3.4.A Note about Very Low Antennas --4.3.5.Fresnel Zone --4.3.6.Complex Reflection Environment --4.3.7.KED --4.3.8.Atmospheric Loss --4.3.9.Rain and Fog Attenuation --5.Radio Propagation In Space --5.1.LOS Loss --5.1.1.Atmospheric Loss --5.2.Antenna Misalignment --5.3.Polarization Loss --5.4.Rain Loss --6.Satellite Links --6.1.Link Geometry --6.1.1.Looking Down --6.1.2.Plug in Some Orbit Numbers --6.1.3.Looking Up --6.2.Uplinks --6.2.1.Command Links --6.2.2.Intercept Links --6.3.Downlinks --6.3.1.Telemetry Link --6.3.2.Data Link --6.3.3.Links to Data Users --6.3.4.Jamming Links --6.4.Hostile Links --7.Link Vulnerability To Ew --7.1.Satellite Vulnerability --7.1.1.Space-Related Link Losses --7.1.2.Intercept --7.1.3.Spoofing --7.1.4.Jamming --7.1.5.Problems Worked in This Chapter --7.2.Downlink Intercept --7.2.1.Geocentric Angle from the Satellite to the Intercept Site --7.2.2.Range from the Satellite to the Intercept Site --7.2.3.Is the Satellite Above the Horizon from the Intercept Site? --7.2.4.How Strong Is the Downlink Signal at the Intercept Site --7.2.5.Intercept with Directional Antennas --7.2.6.Angles Relative to the Ground Control Station --7.2.7.Angles Relative to the Hostile Intercept Site --7.2.8.Received Signal at the Intercept Site --7.2.9.What Is the Quality of the Intercepted Downlink Signal? --7.3.Intercepting Uplinks --7.4.Jamming Downlinks --7.4.1.The Satellite Downlink --7.4.2.The Jammer Link --7.4.3.The J/S Formula --7.5.Jamming Satellite Uplinks --7.5.1.The Jamming Link --7.5.2.Jamming Link Loss --7.5.3.Gain of 4-m Jamming Antenna at 5 GHz --7.5.4.Jammer ERP --7.5.5.The Satellite Uplink --7.5.6.Gain of 2-m Uplink Transmitter Antenna --7.5.7.Uplink ERP --7.5.8.Uplink Loss --7.5.9.Gain and Bandwidth of the Uplink Receiving Antenna on the Satellite --7.5.10.Antenna 3-dB Beamwidth --7.5.11.Offset of the Jammer from the Downlink Receiving Antenna --7.5.12.The J/S --7.6.Electronic Protection of Satellite Links --7.6.1.Attacks on Links --7.6.2.Protection Against Jamming --8.Duration And Frequency Of Observations --8.1.Calculating the Distance to the Horizon --8.2.Horizon Distances for Circular Orbits --8.3.Calculating the Duration of Target Availability from a Satellite --8.3.1.Geocentric Viewing Angle --8.3.2.Time During Which a Satellite Can See a Point on the Earth --8.3.3.The Impact of the Movement of the Earth --8.3.4.Viewing Time Formula --8.4.Doppler Shift in Satellite Link --8.4.1.Doppler Shift Formula --8.4.2.Receiving Site Velocity --8.4.3.Satellite Velocity --8.4.4.General Formula for Maximum Doppler Shift --8.4.5.General Formula for the Doppler Shift --9.Intercept From Space --9.1.Intercept of Radar Signal from Low-Earth Satellite --9.1.1.Link Loss --9.1.2.LOS Loss --9.1.3.Atmospheric and Rain Loss --9.1.4.Can the Satellite Payload Receive the Signal? --9.1.5.Receiver Sensitivity --9.1.6.Link Margin --9.1.7.Could the Satellite Receive the Signal from Its Horizon? --9.1.8.How Long Will the Satellite See the Signal? --9.2.Horizon Plot on the Earth --9.3.Intercept of the Earth Surface Target Using a Narrow-Beam Receiving Antenna --9.3.1.Antenna Pointing --9.3.2.Intercept Link Equation --9.3.3.Link Losses --9.3.4.Intercept from the Horizon --9.4.Intercept from the Synchronous Satellite --9.4.1.With the Satellite on the Horizon --9.4.2.With the Satellite Directly Overhead --10.Jamming From Space --10.1.Jamming of a Ground Signal from a Satellite --10.2.Jamming from a Satellite --10.3.Jamming of a Communications Network --10.3.1.The Network --10.3.2.Link Equations --10.3.3.J/S --10.4.Jamming a Microwave Digital Data Link --10.5.Jamming of a Ground Radar from Space --10.5.1.Radar Jamming from a Satellite --10.5.2.The Jammed Radar and Its Target --10.5.3.The Jammer --10.5.4.The Jamming Equation --10.5.5.The Jamming Adequacy --10.5.6.Protecting an Asset with Low Radar Cross-Section --10.5.7.Duration of Jamming --A.FORMULAS FROM SIGNAL INTELLIGENCE AND EW --A.1.Intercept Formulas --A.1.1.Successful Intercept --A.1.2.The Intercept Link Equation --A.1.3.Received Signal Quality --A.2.Communication Jamming --A.2.1.Successful Communications Jamming --A.2.2.Communications J/S --A.2.3.Communications EP --A.3.Radar Jamming --A.3.1.Successful Radar Jamming --A.3.2.Self-Protection Jamming --A.3.3.Stand-Off Jamming --A.3.4.Required J/S --A.3.5.Radar EP --B.Important Numbers For Space EW --C.Decibel Math --C.1.Decibel Numbers --C.2.Conversion to Decibel Form --C.3.Absolute Values in Decibel Form --C.4.Decibel Forms of Equations --C.5.Quick Conversions to Decibel Values.Artech House electronic warfare library.Electronics in military engineeringElectronics in military engineering.623.043Adamy David536436MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910794686003321EW 1053764828UNINA