02562oam 22004695 450 991079427320332120201128232527.01-4648-1445-71-4648-1444-910.1596/978-1-4648-1444-0(CKB)4100000011372481(MiAaPQ)EBC6280121(The World Bank)211444(US-djbf)211444(EXLCZ)99410000001137248120020129d2020 uf 0engurcn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierThe Future of Work in Africa : Harnessing the Potential of Digital Technologies for All /Jieun ChoiWashington, D.C. :The World Bank,2020.1 online resource (254 pages)Africa Development ForumThe Future of Work in Africa focuses on the key themes of creating productive jobs and addressing the needs of those left behind. It highlights how global trends, especially the adoption of digital technologies, may change the nature of work in Sub-Saharan Africa by creating new opportunities and challenges. It argues that, contrary to global fears of worker displacement by new technologies, African countries can develop an inclusive future of work, with opportunities for lower-skilled workers. Harnessing these opportunities is, however, contingent on implementing policies and making productive investments in four main areas. These are enabling inclusive digital technologies; building human capital for a young, rapidly growing, and largely low-skilled labor force; increasing the productivity of informal workers and enterprises; and extending social protection coverage to mitigate the risks associated with disruptions to labor markets. This companion report to the World Bank's World Development Report 2019 concludes with important policy questions that should guide future research, whose findings could lead to more inclusive growth for African nations.World Bank e-Library.Labor marketAfricaAfricaEconomic conditions21st centuryAfricaEconomic policy21st centuryLabor market331.096Choi Jieun1513873Choi JieunDutz Mark AndrewUsman ZainabDJBFDJBFBOOK9910794273203321The Future of Work in Africa3748571UNINA11910nam 22008415 450 991048329360332120200706015208.03-319-23267-310.1007/978-3-319-23267-6(CKB)3890000000001381(SSID)ssj0001558467(PQKBManifestationID)16182673(PQKBTitleCode)TC0001558467(PQKBWorkID)14819448(PQKB)10657416(DE-He213)978-3-319-23267-6(MiAaPQ)EBC6307270(MiAaPQ)EBC5610599(Au-PeEL)EBL5610599(OCoLC)919254517(PPN)188460853(EXLCZ)99389000000000138120150821d2015 u| 0engurnn|008mamaatxtccrComputer Performance Engineering 12th European Workshop, EPEW 2015, Madrid, Spain, August 31 - September 1, 2015, Proceedings /edited by Marta Beltrán, William Knottenbelt, Jeremy Bradley1st ed. 2015.Cham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2015.1 online resource (X, 307 p. 102 illus.) Programming and Software Engineering ;9272Includes index.3-319-23266-5 Intro -- Preface -- Organization -- Contents -- Applications I -- A Markovian Queueing System for Modeling a Smart Green Base Station -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Model -- 3 Process of the System State -- 4 Stationary Solution -- 4.1 Algorithms for Stationary Probabilities -- 4.2 Performance Metrics -- 4.3 Numerical Example -- 5 First Passage Times -- 6 An Approximated Product-form Model -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Static and Dynamic Hosting of Cloud Servers -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Static and Dynamic Policies -- 2.1 Queued Jobs -- 3 Virtual Machines Do Not Move -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Security and Performance Tradeoff Analysis of Mobile Offloading Systems Under Timing Attacks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 System Overview and The Model -- 2.1 Behavior of System and Attackers -- 2.2 The System Model -- 3 Metrics -- 3.1 Security Metrics -- 3.2 Performance Metrics -- 3.3 Tradeoff Metric -- 4 Model Analysis -- 4.1 CTMC Steady-State Probability Computation -- 4.2 CTMC with Absorbing State - MTTSF Analysis -- 4.3 Throughput Analysis -- 5 Numerical Results -- 6 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Non-Markovian Performability Evaluation of ERTMS/ETCS Level 3 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The ERTMS/ETCS L3 Case-Study -- 3 Non-Markovian Modeling and Analysis -- 3.1 Stochastic Time Petri Nets -- 3.2 Regenerative Transient Analysis Through Stochastic State Classes -- 4 Performability Evaluation of ERTMS/ETCS Level 3 -- 4.1 A Non-Markovian Model of Communication Availability -- 4.2 Evaluation of the Communication Availability Model -- 4.3 A Non-Markovian Model of ERTMS/ETCS Level 3 -- 4.4 Evaluation of the ERTMS/ETCS Level 3 Model -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Modelling Techniques I -- Simplifying Layered Queuing Network Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 The Layered Queuing Network (LQN) Model -- 4 The Simplification Process.4.1 Details of the Operations: Example 1 -- 4.2 Details of the Operations: Example 2 -- 5 Case Study -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Moment-Generating Algorithm for Response Time in Processor Sharing Queueing Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 2.1 Scheduling -- 2.2 PS Applications -- 2.3 Queueing Models -- 2.4 Response Times -- 3 Related Work on Response Times -- 4 Moment-Generating Algorithm -- 5 Multi-Class Algorithm -- 6 Case Studies -- 7 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- On Generalized Processor Sharing and Objective Functions: Analytical Framework -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analytical Framework -- 3 Some Illustrative Examples -- 4 Framework Application -- 5 Achieving a Specific Performance Vector -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Software Performance -- Comparing the Accuracy of Resource Demand Measurement and Estimation Techniques -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Extracting Resource Demands -- 2.1 Performance Management Work - Tools Monitoring -- 2.2 Dynatrace Application Monitoring -- 2.3 Library for Resource Demand Estimation -- 3 Evaluation -- 3.1 Standalone Evaluation -- 3.2 Distributed Setup -- 4 Related Work -- 5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Estimating the Impact of Code Additions on Garbage Collection Overhead -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Garbage Collection Essentials -- 3 Modeling Garbage Collection Overhead -- 3.1 Reconstructing Allocation Behavior -- 3.2 Considering Additional Allocations -- 3.3 Estimating Collection Time -- 4 Evaluation and Discussion -- 4.1 Methodology and Metrics -- 4.2 Workloads -- 4.3 Measurement Platform and Results -- 4.4 Results Discussion -- 5 Related Work -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Performance Awareness in Java EE Development Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Performance Awareness Approach -- 2.1 Developer Interaction -- 2.2 Model Creation -- 2.3 Data Collection and Aggregation.2.4 Performance Simulation -- 3 Evaluation -- 3.1 Experiment Setup -- 3.2 Experiment Results -- 4 Related Work -- 5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Modelling Techniques II -- Canonical Form of Order-2 Non-stationary Markov Arrival Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theoretical Background -- 3 Previous Results for MAP(2) and RAP(2) Processes -- 4 Canonical Form of Order-2 NMAP -- 5 Equivalence of the NMAP(2) and NRAP(2) Classes -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Markov Decision Petri Nets with Uncertainty -- 1 Objectives and Contributions -- 2 Background -- 3 Markov Decision Petri Net with Uncertainty -- 4 Case Study -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- On-the-fly Fluid Model Checking via Discrete Time Population Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Population Models -- 2.1 Continuous Time Population Models -- 2.2 Discrete Time Population Models -- 2.3 Relationship Between the Models -- 3 Properties of Individual Objects -- 4 Fluid Model Checking via Discrete Time Models -- 5 Benchmark Examples and Comparison -- 5.1 A Computer Worm Epidemic Model -- 5.2 A Client-Server Model -- 6 Related Work -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Computing Response Time Distributions Using Iterative Probabilistic Model Checking -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Problem Statement and Case Study -- 2.1 Service-Oriented Systems -- 2.2 Performance Questions -- 3 A Formal Model for Service Systems -- 3.1 iDSL Language Syntax -- 3.2 iDSL Model of iXR Systems -- 3.3 Three Sampling Methods for Measurements -- 3.4 Performance Queries in iDSL -- 3.5 Translation to Modest -- 4 Computing Response Time Distributions -- 4.1 From iDSL Queries to Modest -- 4.2 Aggregating Latencies of Service Requests -- 4.3 Iterative Model Checking for Probability Bounds -- 4.4 Transforming Bounds into a Set of Possible CDFs -- 4.5 Answering the Performance Queries Using the CDFs -- 5 Case Study Results.6 Conclusion -- References -- Applications II -- iDSL: Automated Performance Prediction and Analysis of Medical Imaging Systems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Measurements and Emperical CDFs -- 3.1 Measuring Activities on a Real System -- 3.2 Grouping Activities into Execution Times -- 3.3 Using Execution Times to Estimate eCDFs -- 3.4 Predicting eCDFs for the Complete Design Space -- 4 Extending the iDSL Language and Solution Chain -- 4.1 The iDSL Model of iXR Systems -- 4.2 Automated Prediction of eCDFs for the Complete Design Space -- 4.3 Automated Aggregation of Latencies -- 5 Results of a Case Study on iXR Systems -- 5.1 The Performance of an iXR System -- 5.2 The Validity and Applicability of the iDSL Model -- 6 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Stream Processing on Demand for Lambda Architectures -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Stream Processing On Demand -- 2.1 Data Processing in the Lambda Architecture -- 2.2 Decision-Making Model -- 3 Experimental Validation -- 3.1 Use Case and Design Options -- 3.2 Implementation of the Batch Layer -- 3.3 Performance Model Prototype -- 3.4 Controlled Experiment -- 4 Related Work -- 5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- An AnyLogic Simulation Model for Power and Performance Analysis of Data Centres -- 1 Introduction -- 2 System Description -- 3 Data Center Models -- 3.1 Model Overview -- 3.2 IT Equipment Model -- 3.3 Cascade Model -- 3.4 Workload -- 3.5 Power Management Strategies -- 3.6 Power-Performance Metrics -- Power Consumption. -- Response Time. -- Power State Utilisation. -- 3.7 Visualisation -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Case Study: Computational Cluster -- 4.2 Model Validation -- 5 Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Simulation Techniques -- Rare Event Simulation with Fully Automated Importance Splitting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Formal Models and Properties -- 3 Stopping Criteria.4 Rare Event Simulation Through Importance Splitting -- 5 Fully Automated Importance Splitting -- 6 Experimental Validation -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Speed-Up of Stochastic Simulation of PCTMC Models by Statistical Model Reduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief Introduction of PCTMC -- 3 Directed Relation Graph with Error Propagation -- 3.1 Group-Based Direct Coupling Coefficient -- 3.2 Indirect Coupling Coefficient -- 4 Statistical Model Reduction -- 4.1 Statistical Transition Rate Evaluation -- 4.2 Model Reduction Algorithms -- Algorithm with Fixed Length Sampling. -- Algorithm with Flexible Length Sampling. -- 4.3 Comparison of the Two Algorithms -- 5 Modelling Language and Model Definition -- 5.1 PALOMA -- 5.2 Model Definition -- 6 Experiments -- 6.1 Discussion -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Author Index.This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Computer Performance Engineering, EPEW 2015, held in Madrid, Spain, in August/September 2015. The 19 papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 39 submissions. They were organized in topical sections named: applications; modelling techniques, software performance, and simulation techniques.Programming and Software Engineering ;9272Computer system failuresMathematical statisticsComputer logicSoftware engineeringComputer simulationSystem Performance and Evaluationhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I13049Probability and Statistics in Computer Sciencehttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I17036Logics and Meanings of Programshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I1603XSoftware Engineeringhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I14029Simulation and Modelinghttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I19000Computer system failures.Mathematical statistics.Computer logic.Software engineering.Computer simulation.System Performance and Evaluation.Probability and Statistics in Computer Science.Logics and Meanings of Programs.Software Engineering.Simulation and Modeling.004Beltrán Martaedthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edtKnottenbelt Williamedthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edtBradley Jeremyedthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edtMiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910483293603321Computer Performance Engineering3004631UNINA