11238nam 2200541 450 991079409220332120230627032550.090-8722-585-7(CKB)4100000010237789(MiAaPQ)EBC30459274(Au-PeEL)EBL30459274(OCoLC)1374431322(EXLCZ)99410000001023778920230627d2019 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierTackling the international tax barriers to cross-border charitable giving philanthropy for the arts in the era of globalization /Renate Buijze1st ed.Amsterdam, The Netherlands :IBFD,[2019]©20191 online resource (433 pages)IBFD Doctoral Series90-8722-584-9 Includes bibliographical references.Cover -- IBFD Doctoral Series -- Title -- Copyright -- List of Abbreviations -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Tax incentives and international philanthropy for the arts -- 1.2. Solutions that allow for a tax benefit for cross-border gifts -- 1.3. Research questions, scope and aim of the research -- 1.3.1. Research questions -- 1.3.2. Scope of the research -- 1.3.3. Aim of the research -- 1.4. Definitions -- 1.4.1. Tax incentives for individual philanthropy -- 1.4.2. PBOs and arts organizations -- 1.5. Outline -- Chapter 2: Theoretical Basis: International Philanthropy, Tax Incentives and the Arts -- 2.1. Philanthropy for the arts -- 2.1.1. Philanthropic giving -- 2.1.2. Historic developments in cultural policy and philanthropy for the arts -- 2.1.3. Fundraising -- 2.1.4. Final remarks on the literature on arts philanthropy -- 2.2. Government and the arts -- 2.2.1. Cultural legacy -- 2.2.2. Aesthetic value of art -- 2.2.3. Cultural identity -- 2.2.4. Economic spillover -- 2.2.5. Merit good -- 2.2.6. Income redistribution -- 2.2.7. Public goods -- 2.2.8. External benefits -- 2.2.9. Lack of information -- 2.2.10. Non-market demand -- 2.2.11. Imperfect competition -- 2.2.12. Increasing returns to scale -- 2.2.13. Productivity lag and rising costs -- 2.2.14. Concluding remarks -- 2.3. Indirect support for the arts -- 2.3.1. Tax incentives for philanthropy and price elasticity -- 2.3.2. Composition of the charitable gift -- 2.3.3. PBOs: Eligible recipients -- 2.3.4. Tax incentives for donors -- 2.3.4.1. Deduction of donations from taxable income -- 2.3.4.2. Gift aid, or top-up schemes -- 2.3.4.3. Tax credits -- 2.3.4.4. Tax allocation schemes -- 2.3.5. Concluding remarks -- 2.4. Advantages and disadvantages of indirect subsidies -- 2.4.1. Indirect support crowds in private support -- 2.4.2. Allocation decision by the private sector.2.4.3. Involvement of the public with the arts -- 2.4.4. Ability-to-pay principle -- 2.4.5. Efficiency and effectiveness -- 2.4.6. Complex legislation -- 2.4.7. Controlling the size of subsidies -- 2.4.8. Changes in and abolishment of subsidies -- 2.4.9. Final remarks -- 2.5. International philanthropy -- 2.6. Art in a global world -- 2.7. What we know about cross-border donations to the arts -- 2.7.1. Data on grants to the arts from KBFUS -- 2.7.2. Cross-border giving to the arts in media coverage -- 2.7.3. Concluding remarks and opportunities for further research -- 2.8. Barriers to cross-border philanthropy -- 2.8.1. Legal barriers -- 2.8.2. Tax barriers -- 2.8.3. Concluding remarks -- 2.9. Debate on tax incentives for cross-border donations -- 2.9.1. Drainage of tax revenue -- 2.9.2. Anti-abuse arguments -- 2.9.3. Legal differences -- 2.9.4. The political philosophy of pluralism -- 2.9.5. Transnational objectives -- 2.9.6. Healthy international competition -- 2.9.7. International relations -- 2.9.8. Concluding remarks -- 2.10. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 3: Methodology -- 3.1. An interdisciplinary research approach -- 3.2. Doctrinal research -- 3.2.1. The classification of tax jurisdictions -- 3.2.2. Distinguishing ideal types -- 3.2.3. Describing and evaluating the existing solutions -- 3.3. Empirical research -- 3.3.1. Qualitative research -- 3.3.2. Multiple case studies -- 3.3.3. Differentiation among arts organizations -- 3.3.4. Selection of cases -- 3.3.5. Research methods: Interviews and document analysis -- 3.3.5.1. Confined document analysis -- 3.3.5.2. Semi-structured interviews -- 3.3.5.3. Using a derivative vignette -- 3.3.6. Analysis of the data -- 3.3.7. Limitations, validity and reliability of multiple case studies -- 3.4. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 4: Existing Solutions -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Unilateral solution.4.2.1. The Netherlands: An example of host country control -- 4.2.2. Luxembourg: An example of home country control -- 4.2.3. Reflections on the unilateral solution -- 4.3. Bilateral solutions: tax treaties -- 4.3.1. Charitable contributions under the Barbados tax treaties -- 4.3.2. Charitable contributions under the US tax treaties -- 4.3.3. Reflections on the bilateral solution -- 4.4. Supranational solutions -- 4.4.1. EU law -- 4.4.1.1. Reflections on EU law -- 4.4.2. The Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Foundation -- 4.4.2.1. Reflections on the Proposal for a Council Regulation on the Statute for a European Foundation -- 4.5. Establishing a legal entity abroad -- 4.5.1. The Guggenheim: An arts organization with counterparts abroad -- 4.5.2. Reflections on a legal entity abroad with charitable activities -- 4.5.3. Establishing a foreign friends organization -- 4.5.4. Reflections on foreign friends organizations -- 4.6. Strategic use of organizations with charitable status -- 4.6.1. King Baudouin Foundation United States -- 4.6.2. Transnational Giving Europe -- 4.6.3. Reflections on intermediary organizations -- 4.7. Concluding remarks -- Chapter 5: Analysis of Tax Legislation Regarding Cross-Border Charitable Giving -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Ideal type 0: Countries without a tax incentive for charitable gifts -- 5.3. Ideal type 1: Closed tax jurisdictions -- 5.3.1. Australia -- 5.3.2. Japan -- 5.3.3. Hungary -- 5.4. Ideal type 2: Restrictive tax jurisdictions -- 5.4.1. Belgium -- 5.4.2. The United Kingdom -- 5.4.3. The United States -- 5.4.4. Spain -- 5.5. Ideal type 3: Relatively open tax jurisdictions -- 5.5.1. France -- 5.5.2. Germany -- 5.6. Ideal type 4: Open tax jurisdictions -- 5.6.1. Luxembourg -- 5.6.2. The Netherlands -- 5.6.3. Barbados -- 5.7. Conclusion.Chapter 6: Tax Incentives and International Donors -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Tax incentives for cross-border donations -- 6.2.1. Advertising tax incentives -- 6.2.2. The use of tax incentives for cross-border donations -- 6.2.3. Tax knowledge among fundraisers -- 6.2.4. Gathering information: External advice -- 6.2.5. Awareness of solutions for tax-efficient cross-border giving -- 6.2.6. Popular solutions: Intermediary organizations and foreign friends organizations -- 6.2.7. Donor arranges solution -- 6.2.8. Concluding remarks -- 6.3. International donors and their gifts -- 6.3.1. Who are international donors? -- 6.3.1.1. Aging, successful, wealthy individuals -- 6.3.1.2. Involvement in the arts -- 6.3.1.3. Expatriates, emigrants and global citizens -- 6.3.1.4. Other international donors -- 6.3.2. Why do donors give across borders? -- 6.3.2.1. Awareness of need -- 6.3.2.2. Solicitation -- 6.3.2.3. Costs and benefits -- 6.3.2.4. Altruism/psychological benefits -- 6.3.2.5. Reputation -- 6.3.2.6. Values -- 6.3.2.7. Efficacy -- 6.3.3. What do donors support? -- 6.3.4. Benefits of international fundraising -- 6.3.5. Concluding remarks -- 6.4. Conclusion -- Chapter 7: Exploring the Practice of International Fundraising -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. The role of international fundraising for arts organizations -- 7.2.1. Cross-border fundraising: Not for every arts organization -- 7.2.2. Spontaneous cross-border gifts -- 7.2.3. The wish to raise funds abroad, but not a priority -- 7.2.4. Concluding remarks -- 7.3. Raising funds abroad -- 7.3.1. Engaging in international fundraising -- 7.3.2. Foreign support as an alternative and additional source of funding -- 7.3.3. Who raises funds abroad? -- 7.3.4. International fundraising strategies -- 7.3.4.1. Embracing grassroots initiatives of foreign donors -- 7.3.4.2. Foreign friends circles.7.3.4.3. Global friends circles at the home organization -- 7.3.5. Concluding remarks -- 7.4. Best practices and challenges in international fundraising -- 7.4.1. Cross-border fundraising requires investments -- 7.4.2. Constructing a strong case for support -- 7.4.3. Conditions for deploying activities abroad -- 7.4.4. Foreign contacts and networks abroad -- 7.4.5. Maintaining cross-border relationships -- 7.4.6. Cross-country differences in philanthropy -- 7.4.7. Competition among arts organizations -- 7.4.8. Fluctuating exchange rates -- 7.4.9. Language barriers -- 7.4.10. Concluding remarks -- 7.5. Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Assessment Framework: Evaluation Criteria from the Perspective of Arts Organizations -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Prerequisite: Solution must be effective in providing a tax benefit -- 8.3. Cost efficiency -- 8.3.1. Financial benefit -- 8.3.1.1. Size of the gift -- 8.3.1.2. Continuity of the gift -- 8.3.1.3. Size of the foreign support base -- 8.3.2. Transaction costs -- 8.3.2.1. Fees -- 8.3.2.2. Labour costs -- 8.3.2.3. External advice -- 8.3.2.4. Other expenses and reoccurrence of expenses -- 8.3.3. Concluding remarks -- 8.4. Legal certainty of a solution -- 8.4.1. Why is legal certainty important? -- 8.4.2. Legal certainty procedure -- 8.4.3. Legal certainty outcome -- 8.4.4. Reliability of partners -- 8.4.5. Donors' preferences: An exception to legal certainty requirements -- 8.4.6. Concluding remarks -- 8.5. Donor-friendliness of a solution -- 8.6. Scope of solution -- 8.7. Know-how on international fundraising and tax law -- 8.8. Non-financial benefit -- 8.8.1. Expanding the support base -- 8.8.2. Activities abroad -- 8.8.3. Concluding remarks -- 8.9. The factors applied: Different contexts lead to different outcomes -- 8.10. Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Assessment of the Existing Solutions -- 9.1. Introduction.9.2. Assessment of unilateral solutions.This research assesses the existing solutions to obtaining a tax incentive on a cross-border charitable donation, in order to tackle the tax barriers involved in international fundraising.IBFD Doctoral SeriesCharitable uses, trusts, and foundationsTaxationLaw and legislationNonprofit organizationsTaxationLaw and legislationCharitable uses, trusts, and foundationsTaxationLaw and legislation.Nonprofit organizationsTaxationLaw and legislation.343.04Buijze Renate1581695MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910794092203321Tackling the international tax barriers to cross-border charitable giving3863445UNINA