04785oam 22007935 450 991079113220332120200520144314.01-282-42217-097866124221710-8213-8143-110.1596/978-0-8213-8140-3(CKB)2560000000008040(EBL)476188(OCoLC)536293914(SSID)ssj0000088586(PQKBManifestationID)11972670(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000088586(PQKBWorkID)10081977(PQKB)10584518(MiAaPQ)EBC476188(Au-PeEL)EBL476188(CaPaEBR)ebr10356794(CaONFJC)MIL242217(The World Bank)ocn435421640(US-djbf)16057213(EXLCZ)99256000000000804020100115d2010 uf 0engurcn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierOptions to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas /Arturo Muente-Kunigami, Juan Navas-SabaterWashington, D.C. :World Bank,c2010.viii, 44 pages illustrations ;26 cmWorld Bank working paper,1726-5878 ;no. 178Description based upon print version of record.0-8213-8140-7 Includes bibliographical references.Contents; Abstract; Acknowledgments; Foreword; Acronyms and Abbreviations; 1. Introduction; 2. First Things First: Allow Markets to Work Well; Figure 2.1. Level of Competition in Mobile Markets and Mobile Penetration, 2007; Table 2.1. Emerging Trends in Telecommunications Regulation; 3. An Ever-Changing Industry: Changes and Trends in Rural Telecommunications since the Early 1990's; Figure 3.1. Growth of Mobile Subscribers Globally; Box 3.1. Enabling Rural Areas with Broadband Coverage; Box 3.2. The Fiber Optic National Network in Kenya; 4. Rationale for Universal Access Policy InstrumentsTable 4.1. Universal Access Instruments Table 4.2. Financial Support Mechanisms; 5. Assessing the Suitability of the Instruments; Table 5.1. Evaluation Criteria; Assessment Box 1. Asymmetric Interconnection; Box 5.1. Sharing the Risks to Increase Access in Tanzania; Assessment Box 2. Facilities Sharing and Open Access; Figure 3. Mobile Tariffs for Selected Operators (US per minute); Assessment Box 3. Flexible Use of Spectrum; Assessment Box 4. Licensing Local Operators; Table 5.2. Taxes on Mobile Services in African Countries; Assessment Box 5. Taxes and Import DutiesTable 5.3. Outcomes of Minimum Subsidy Auctions for New Public Rural Telephones Assessment Box 6. Reverse Auctions and OBA; Box 5.2. Financing for Small Local Operations; Assessment Box 7. Introduction of Bottom-Up Projects; Box 5.3. Government Demand Increases Broadband Coverage in Korea; Assessment Box 8. Institutional Demand Stimulation; Assessment Box 9. Licensing Obligations; Assessment Box 10. End-User Subsidies; Assessment Box 11. Access Deficit Charges; Table 5.4. Assessment of Mechanisms; 6. Implementation Arrangements; 7. Conclusion; Figure A.1. Market Gap and Access Gap ModelAppendix. The "Gaps" ModelReferencesTelecommunications sector policy-makers and regulators have a wide range of instruments available to them that can be used to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas. The paper provides a review of these instruments, evaluating them against a set of criteria. It then goes on to identify a number of them that are worthy of further consideration by policy-makers and regulators while demonstrating that the effectiveness of the identified instruments can be greatly enhanced by the establishment of a conducive legal, regulatory and institutional framework.World Bank e-Library.World Bank working paper ;no. 178.Telecommunication policyRural telecommunicationPoorTelecommunication systemsTelecommunication policy.Rural telecommunication.Poor.Telecommunication systems.384/.043091734Muente-Kunigami Arturo1527197Navas-Sabater Juan1968-572264DLCDLCBTCTAC#PYDXCPCDXBWXDLCBOOK9910791132203321Options to increase access to telecommunications services in rural and low-income areas3769776UNINA