04860nam 2200673Ia 450 991078984090332120220523233433.00-8014-7806-50-8014-5761-00-8014-5885-410.7591/9780801458859(CKB)2670000000079132(SSID)ssj0000488424(PQKBManifestationID)11328898(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000488424(PQKBWorkID)10450826(PQKB)11171999(MiAaPQ)EBC3137968(DE-B1597)527339(OCoLC)726824226(DE-B1597)9780801458859(MdBmJHUP)muse58496(Au-PeEL)EBL3137968(CaPaEBR)ebr10457589(CaONFJC)MIL759694(EXLCZ)99267000000007913220090722d2010 uy 0engurcn|||||||||txtccrWhy intelligence fails[electronic resource] lessons from the Iranian Revolution and the Iraq War /Robert JervisIthaca Cornell University Press2010ix, 238 pCornell studies in security affairsBibliographic Level Mode of Issuance: Monograph1-336-28408-0 0-8014-4785-2 Includes bibliographical references and index.Adventures in intelligence -- Failing to see that the Shah was in danger : introduction, postmortem, and CIA comments -- Analysis of NFAC's performance on Iran's domestic crisis, mid-1977-7 November 1978 -- CIA comments on the report -- The Iraq WMD intelligence failure : what everyone knows is wrong -- The politics and psychology of intelligence and intelligence reform.The U.S. government spends enormous resources each year on the gathering and analysis of intelligence, yet the history of American foreign policy is littered with missteps and misunderstandings that have resulted from intelligence failures. In Why Intelligence Fails, Robert Jervis examines the politics and psychology of two of the more spectacular intelligence failures in recent memory: the mistaken belief that the regime of the Shah in Iran was secure and stable in 1978, and the claim that Iraq had active WMD programs in 2002. The Iran case is based on a recently declassified report Jervis was commissioned to undertake by CIA thirty years ago and includes memoranda written by CIA officials in response to Jervis's findings. The Iraq case, also grounded in a review of the intelligence community's performance, is based on close readings of both classified and declassified documents, though Jervis's conclusions are entirely supported by evidence that has been declassified. In both cases, Jervis finds not only that intelligence was badly flawed but also that later explanations-analysts were bowing to political pressure and telling the White House what it wanted to hear or were willfully blind-were also incorrect. Proponents of these explanations claimed that initial errors were compounded by groupthink, lack of coordination within the government, and failure to share information. Policy prescriptions, including the recent establishment of a Director of National Intelligence, were supposed to remedy the situation. In Jervis's estimation, neither the explanations nor the prescriptions are adequate. The inferences that intelligence drew were actually quite plausible given the information available. Errors arose, he concludes, from insufficient attention to the ways in which information should be gathered and interpreted, a lack of self-awareness about the factors that led to the judgments, and an organizational culture that failed to probe for weaknesses and explore alternatives. Evaluating the inherent tensions between the methods and aims of intelligence personnel and policymakers from a unique insider's perspective, Jervis forcefully criticizes recent proposals for improving the performance of the intelligence community and discusses ways in which future analysis can be improved.Cornell studies in security affairs.Intelligence serviceUnited StatesEvaluationCase studiesIraq War, 2003-2011Military intelligenceUnited StatesEvaluationWeapons of mass destructionIraqIranHistoryRevolution, 1979Intelligence serviceEvaluationIraq War, 2003-2011Military intelligenceEvaluation.Weapons of mass destruction955.05/3Jervis Robert1940-2021.247628MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910789840903321Why intelligence fails3853479UNINA