09632nam 2200505 450 991062929880332120230319154706.09783031112621(electronic bk.)9783031112614(MiAaPQ)EBC7133444(Au-PeEL)EBL7133444(CKB)25299351100041(PPN)266355153(EXLCZ)992529935110004120230319d2022 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierDynamics of compressible fluids a textbook /Oleksandr GirinCham, Switzerland :Springer,[2022]©20221 online resource (316 pages)Print version: Girin, Oleksandr Dynamics of Compressible Fluids Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 9783031112614 Includes bibliographical references and index.Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- Introduction -- 1. Scope of the Dynamics of Compressible Fluids -- 2. The Subject Matter of Dynamics of Compressible Fluids -- 1 General Equations of Gas Motion -- 1.1 The Thermodynamic Model of a Perfect Gas -- Adiabatic Formulae -- 1.1.1 Internal State of a Gas Particle -- Thermodynamic Variables -- 1.1.2 Perfect Gas Model -- Polytropic Gas -- 1.1.3 Adiabatic Formulae -- 1.2 Governing Equations of Gas Motion -- Mathematical Model … -- 1.3 Speed of Propagation of Small Disturbances in Ideal Gas -- Sound Speed -- 1.4 Thermodynamics of a Moving Gas -- 1.4.1 Bernoulli-Saint-Venant Equation -- Enthalpy -- 1.4.2 Stagnation Gas State -- Isentropic Formulae -- 1.4.3 Laval's Number -- Other Characteristic States of a Moving Gas -- References -- 2 Continuous Flows -- 2.1 Equations of One-Dimensional Steady Gas Flow -- Rule of a Stream Reversal -- 2.2 Gas Outflow from Reservoir -- Saint-Venant-Vantzel Formula -- 2.3 Supersonic Outflow Mode -- Laval's Nozzle -- References -- 3 Discontinuity in a Gas Flow -- 3.1 Conservation Laws at a Strong Discontinuity Surface -- 3.2 Classification of Strong Discontinuities -- Shocks -- 3.3 Normal Shock Theory -- 3.4 Normal Shock Regularities -- 3.4.1 Velocity Jump -- 3.4.2 Pressure Jump -- 3.4.3 Density Jump -- 3.4.4 Entropy Jump -- 3.5 Shock Adiabatic Curve and Its Properties -- 3.5.1 Equation of Shock Adiabatic Curve -- 3.5.2 ``Asterisk'' Property -- 3.5.3 Limiting Degree of Gas Compression in Shock Waves -- 3.5.4 Approximation of Strong Shocks -- 3.5.5 Approximation of Weak Shocks -- References -- 4 Governing Equations and Initial-Boundary-Value Problems -- 4.1 Geometry of One-Dimensional Flows -- 4.2 Equations of Motion in Euler's Form -- Initial and Boundary Conditions -- 4.2.1 Euler's Equations of Motion -- 4.2.2 Initial Conditions -- 4.2.3 Boundary Conditions.4.3 Equations of Motion in Lagrange's Form -- 4.4 Equations of Motion in Characteristic Form -- the Characteristic … -- 4.5 The Method of Characteristics -- 4.6 Generalized Cauchy Problem (Type I Problem) … -- 4.7 The Goursat Problem (Type II Problem) -- 4.8 Combined Problem of a Special Type (Type III Problem) -- 4.9 Characteristics as Trajectories of a Possible Weak Discontinuity of a Solution -- 4.9.1 Relationships Along the Weak Discontinuity Trajectory -- 4.9.2 Breakup of Arbitrary Weak Discontinuity -- References -- 5 Isentropic Gas Flows with Plane Waves -- 5.1 Riemann Method -- 5.1.1 Riemann Invariants -- 5.1.2 Riemann Variables -- Riemann Method -- 5.1.3 The Euler-Poisson Equation -- 5.1.4 The Remarkable Case γ= 3 -- 5.2 The Riemann Waves -- 5.2.1 Simple Waves -- 5.2.2 Adjoining Theorem -- 5.2.3 Simple Wave Equations -- 5.2.4 Properties of Simple Waves -- 5.3 Gradient Catastrophe -- 5.4 The Piston Problem -- 5.4.1 Case When the Piston Is Pulled Out from Gas -- 5.4.2 Case of Piston Moving with Constant Velocity -- 5.4.3 Gas Outflow into the Vacuum -- 5.4.4 Piston Moves into Gas -- Shock Wave Induction Time -- 5.5 Interaction of Simple Wave with a Contact Surface … -- 5.5.1 Analysis of the Flow Structure -- 5.5.2 Qualitative Analysis of the Interaction -- 5.5.3 The Limit Cases -- References -- 6 Methods of Wave Interaction Analysis -- 6.1 Method of (u, p)-Diagrams -- 6.1.1 ( u,p ) -Diagrams of Simple Waves -- 6.1.2 ( u,p ) -Diagrams of Shock Waves -- 6.2 Breakup of Arbitrary Strong Discontinuity (Riemann's Problem) -- 6.2.1 The Problem Formulation -- 6.2.2 Lemma About the Disturbances -- 6.2.3 Existence and Uniqueness of the Solution -- 6.2.4 Acoustic Approximation -- References -- 7 Shock-Wave Flows -- 7.1 Shock Tube Performance -- 7.1.1 The Device Description -- 7.1.2 The Problem Formulation -- 7.1.3 Shock Tube Solution.7.2 Piston Moving with a Constant Velocity -- 7.2.1 Piston Moves into the Gas -- 7.2.2 Piston Moves Out from the Gas -- 7.3 Shock Wave Reflection from Rigid Wall -- Amplification Factor -- 7.3.1 The Problem Formulation -- 7.3.2 The Problem Solution -- 7.3.3 Shock Wave Percussive Ability -- 7.4 Interaction of Shock Wave with Contact Surface -- 7.4.1 The Problem Formulation -- 7.4.2 Qualitative Analysis of the Flow -- 7.5 Interaction of Two Shock Waves -- 7.5.1 The Problem Formulation -- 7.5.2 Qualitative Analysis -- 7.6 Interaction of Shock Wave with Simple Wave -- Entropy Trace -- 7.6.1 The Problem Formulation -- 7.6.2 Qualitative Analysis of the Flow -- 7.7 The Problem of the Internal Ballistics (Lagrange's Problem) -- 7.7.1 The Main Assumptions -- 7.7.2 The Problem Formulation -- 7.7.3 Solution in the Domain of Simple Wave -- 7.8 Strong Point Blast in Gas -- 7.8.1 Explosion Phenomenon -- 7.8.2 The Problem Formulation -- 7.8.3 Self-similarity of the Solution -- 7.8.4 Regularities of Gas Motion at Strong Point Blast -- 7.9 Long-Range Asymptotic Behavior of Shock Waves -- References -- 8 Steady Plane Irrotational Flows -- 8.1 Theory of an Oblique Shock -- 8.1.1 Interaction of Supersonic Flow with a Wedge -- Velocity Triangle -- 8.1.2 The Properties of Shock Polar -- 8.1.3 Oblique Reflection of a Plane Shock from a Rigid Wall -- 8.2 Equations of Steady Plane Irrotational Gas Motion -- 8.2.1 Equations and Methods -- 8.2.2 The Characteristics of Equations of Plane Irrotational Steady Flow -- 8.2.3 Simple Waves -- 8.3 Supersonic Flow Around a Convex Corner -- Prandtl-Meyer Flow -- 8.4 Plane Supersonic Outflow from a Slit -- 8.5 Elements of the Theory of Thin Aerodynamic Profile -- 8.5.1 The Main Concepts -- 8.5.2 Linearization of Equations of Motion -- 8.5.3 Thin Profile in a Subsonic Stream -- The Prandtl-Glauert Rule.8.5.4 Thin Profile in a Supersonic Stream -- Akkeret's Formula -- Wave Drag -- References -- Appendix A Numerical Method of Characteristics for the 1-D Unsteady Flows (Massau's Scheme) -- A.1 General Features of the Method -- A.2 Algorithms of the Numerical Method of Characteristics -- A.2.1 Governing Equations of 1-D Unsteady Gas Flow in Characteristic Form -- A.2.2 Calculations in the Internal Node -- A.2.3 Implementation of Boundary Conditions -- A.2.3.1 ``Rigid Wall'' -- A.2.3.2 ``Piston'' -- A.2.3.3 ``Shock Front'' -- A.2.3.4 ``Contact Surface'' -- A.3 Reverse Method of Characteristics (Hartree Scheme) -- A.4 Scheme for Isentropic Flows with Plane Waves -- Appendix B Godunov's Method for the Calculations of 1-D Unsteady Flows -- B.1 General Properties of the Method -- B.2 Scheme of the Method -- B.2.1 Initial Data Processing -- B.2.2 Development of the Difference Scheme -- B.2.3 Searching for uk ,pk and Flow Configuration -- B.2.4 Determination of R,U,P -- B.2.5 Determination of the Slopes Wleft ,W'left ,Wk , W'right ,Wright of the Sectors' Borders -- B.2.6 Finding the Relevant Sector -- B.3 Approximate Solution of the Discontinuity Breakup Problem -- B.3.1 The Acoustic Approximation -- B.3.2 Isentropic Approximation -- B.4 Algorithms of Boundary Conditions' Fulfillment -- B.4.1 ``Rigid Wall'' -- B.4.2 ``Piston'' -- B.4.3 ``Shock Front'' -- B.4.4 ``Contact Surface'' -- B.5 Determination of a Stable Time-Step -- B.6 Example Structure and Flowchart of Program Code for Godunov's Method -- Appendix C Numerical Methods for Two-Dimensional Flows -- C.1 Method of Characteristics for 2-D Steady Supersonic Flows -- C.1.1 The Characteristic form of Equations of Gas Motion in Ehlers' Variables -- C.1.2 Calculation Scheme for an Internal Node -- C.1.3 Calculation Scheme at the Symmetry Axis.C.1.4 Calculation of the Node at the Rigid Wall -- C.1.5 Calculation of a Node at Free Surface -- C.2 Breakup-Based Scheme of the Predictor-Corrector Type for 2-D Steady Supersonic Flows -- C.2.1 Governing Equations -- C.2.2 Approximation of the Computational Domain -- C.2.3 The Corrector Stage: the Finite-Difference Scheme -- C.2.4 The Predictor Stage: Determination of R,U,V,P -- C.2.5 Boundary Condition Fulfillment -- C.2.6 Choice of Time Step -- Use of Auxiliary Variables -- C.3 Godunov's Scheme for 2-D Unsteady Flows -- C.3.1 The Case of Plane-Parallel Flow -- C.3.1.1 The ``Corrector'' Stage -- C.3.1.2 The Stage ``Predictor'' -- C.3.2 The Case of a Fixed Rectangular Grid -- References -- Index.CompressibilityFluid dynamicsShock wavesCompressibility.Fluid dynamics.Shock waves.629.13232Girin Oleksandr1266133MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQ9910629298803321Dynamics of Compressible Fluids2968776UNINA03781nam 2200721 a 450 991077935470332120220215193519.01-59726-341-91-61091-221-710.5822/978-1-61091-221-1(CKB)2550000000111021(EBL)3317581(SSID)ssj0000878314(PQKBManifestationID)11532149(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000878314(PQKBWorkID)10836146(PQKB)10589465(SSID)ssj0000645716(PQKBManifestationID)11370574(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000645716(PQKBWorkID)10681613(PQKB)11786715(DE-He213)978-1-61091-221-1(MiAaPQ)EBC3317581(MiAaPQ)EBC1156159(Au-PeEL)EBL3317581(CaPaEBR)ebr10554553(OCoLC)923188113(PPN)168305542(EXLCZ)99255000000011102120120221d2012 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrEvolution in a toxic world[electronic resource] how life responds to chemical threats /Emily Monosson1st ed. 2012.Washington Island Pressc20121 online resource (240 p.)Description based upon print version of record.1-59726-976-X 1-59726-977-8 Includes bibliographical references and index.pt. 1. Element -- pt. 2. Plant and animal -- pt. 3. Human.With BPA in baby bottles, mercury in fish, and lead in computer monitors, the world has become a toxic place. But as Emily Monosson demonstrates in her groundbreaking new book, it has always been toxic. When oxygen first developed in Earth's atmosphere, it threatened the very existence of life: now we literally can't live without it. According to Monosson, examining how life adapted to such early threats can teach us a great deal about today's (and tomorrow's) most dangerous contaminants. While the study of evolution has advanced many other sciences, from conservation biology to medicine, the field of toxicology has yet to embrace this critical approach. In Evolution in a Toxic World, Monosson seeks to change that. She traces the development of life's defense systems—the mechanisms that transform, excrete, and stow away potentially harmful chemicals—from more than three billion years ago to today. Beginning with our earliest ancestors' response to ultraviolet radiation, Monosson explores the evolution of chemical defenses such as antioxidants, metal binding proteins, detoxification, and cell death. As we alter the world's chemistry, these defenses often become overwhelmed faster than our bodies can adapt. But studying how our complex internal defense network currently operates, and how it came to be that way, may allow us to predict how it will react to novel and existing chemicals. This understanding could lead to not only better management and preventative measures, but possibly treatment of current diseases. Development of that knowledge starts with this pioneering book.Environmental toxicologyAdaptation (Physiology)EcophysiologyEvolution (Biology)Environmental toxicology.Adaptation (Physiology)Ecophysiology.Evolution (Biology)613/.1Monosson Emily959939MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910779354703321Evolution in a toxic world3833773UNINA