01161nam0-2200397---450 99000565418020331620210916130419.0000565418USA01000565418(ALEPH)000565418USA0100056541820040914d1976----|||y0itaa50------baitaengit0 00|||<<La >> graziaJames Joycea cura di Carlo Marengotrad. di Margherita Ghirardi MinojaEd. BilingueMilanoRizzoli197695 p.18 cmBURBiblioteca universale RizzoliL 672001BURL 67MILANO823.91JOYCE,James163567MARENGO,CarlaGHIRARDI MINOJA,MargheritaITSA20111219990005654180203316Dipar.to di Filosofia - SalernoDFFDC 800 JOY6161 FILXV.18.B. 218 (FDC 800 JOY)6161 FILXV.18.B481699BKFDECI20121027USA01152520121027USA011615Grazia962402UNISA11767nam 22005413 450 991075138440332120231016084512.09783031385100(MiAaPQ)EBC30786211(CKB)28495830700041(Au-PeEL)EBL30786211(PPN)272917605(Exl-AI)30786211(OCoLC)1404836364(EXLCZ)992849583070004120231016d2023 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierYSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions 2022 Funding of Justice1st ed.Cham :Springer,2023.©2023.1 online resource (349 pages)YSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions Series ;v.20229783031385094 Intro -- Introduction: Funding of Justice -- Background and Scope -- Access to Justice -- The Three-Wave Metaphor -- International Levels of Funding of Justice -- References -- Contents -- Part I : Specific Part: Funding of Justice: Access to Effective Justice in Times of Marketisation of Justice and Shrinking Pub... -- Revisiting the Concept of Access to Justice as a Human Right in the Post-welfare State -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Concept of Access to Justice as a Human Right -- 3 A New Balance for the Post-welfare State -- 4 The Regulation of TPLF and the Human Rights Perspective -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- The Impact of Third-Party Funding on Access to Justice -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assumptions Made -- 2.1 Defining ``Third-Party Funding´´ -- 2.2 Defining ``Access to Justice´´ -- 2.3 Cost as a Component of ``Access to Justice´´ -- 2.4 Other Assumptions -- 3 A Thought Experiment on Access to Justice -- 4 Suggestions for Increasing Access to Justice -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- The Supply and Demand of Justice: What Policy Implications from the EU Justice Scoreboard? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Scoreboard Underlying Philosophy and the Role of Costs -- 2.1 Between Rule-of-Law and Economic Considerations -- 2.2 The Role of Costs -- 3 Zooming in: Some Findings of the Scoreboard on the Costs of Access to Justice -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Role of Public Budget in Funding Justice -- 3.3 Court Fees and the Efficiency of Proceedings -- 3.4 Cost Shifting and Recoverability of Lawyer Fees -- 3.5 Legal Aid and Consumer Access to Justice -- 3.6 Availability of Information on Court and Legal Fees -- 4 Towards a Taxonomy System of the Scoreboard Cost-Related Information -- 4.1 Background -- 4.2 Components of Synthetic Indicators -- 4.3 States´ Subsidies -- 4.4 Litigants´ Fees -- 4.5 Legal Aid -- 5 Highlighting Trends.5.1 Progressive Development Identified -- 5.2 The Gradual Shift of Focus Towards the Demand Side -- 5.3 The Growth of Data -- 5.4 The Commission´s Experimental Approach -- 6 Zooming Out: The Role of Cost-Related Information in the Concept of Access to Justice -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Illusory Truths and Frivolous Claims: Critical Reflections on a Report on Litigation Funding by the European Parliamentary Res... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The EPRS Report´s General Findings and Conclusions on TPLF -- 3 The Litigation Funding Taxonomy Used in the EPRS Report -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The EPRS Reports´ Definition of Third Party Litigation Funding (TPLF) -- 3.2.1 The TPLF Definition Used in the EPRS Report Seems Not to Include Portfolio Funding -- 3.2.2 The TPLF Definition Used in the EPRS Report Confuses the Relevance of Successful Outcome Under Different Remuneration Mo... -- 3.2.3 The TPLF Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Correspond with the Concept of Third Party Funding in EU Regulation -- 3.3 The EPRS Reports´ Definition of Third Party Litigation Funder -- 3.3.1 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Cover All Entities Carrying Out TPLF as De... -- 3.3.2 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Cover Non-commercial Funders or Entities F... -- 3.3.3 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Is Unclear with Respect to Whether Insurers and Law... -- 3.3.4 The Third Party Litigation Funder Definition Used in the EPRS Report Does Not Correspond with the TPLF Definition Used i... -- 3.4 Conclusion Regarding the Fundamental Concepts Defined in the EPRS Report -- 4 The Perceived Risk for Frivolous Claims -- 4.1 The EPRS Report´s Conclusions Regarding Risk for Frivolous Claims as an Effect of TPLF.4.2 The EPRS Report States That the Risk for Frivolous Single Claims as an Effect of TPLF Is ``Extremely Low´´ -- 4.3 The EPRS Report Presents No Support or Argument for the Position That Portfolio Funding May Lead to Frivolous Claims -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks Regarding the Report´s Position on Frivolous Claims -- 5 The Perceived Risk for Conflicts of Interest as an Effect of TPLF -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Potential Conflicts of Interest Regarding the Funded Party and the Funder -- 5.3 Comments on the Example in the EPRS Report Intended to Illustrate a Conflict of Interest Situation with Respect to Settlem... -- 5.3.1 Initial Remarks -- 5.3.2 Estimated Chance of Success in a Litigation Funding Deal -- 5.3.3 The Claimant´s Alleged Unwillingness to Accept the Settlement -- 5.3.4 Remuneration Payable in a Litigation Funding Deal -- 5.3.5 Summary Regarding the Settlement Scenario Example -- 5.4 Summary Regarding Conflicts of Interest -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Online Sources -- References -- Funding as an Element of Access to Justice in Environmental Protection Cases in Belgium: A Socio-Legal Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Question(s) and Structure of the Study -- 1.2 Methodology and Limitations -- 2 Environmental Protection as a Collective Interest and as an Enforceable Right -- 2.1 The Disruptive Reach of Article 9 of the Aarhus Convention -- 2.2 The Role of Environmental NGOs and Their Locus Standi Under EU Law: A Brief Overview -- 3 Access to Justice for the Protection of the Environment as a Collective Interest in Belgium -- 3.1 Protection of Collective Interests: The Necessity of Demonstrating an Interest -- 3.1.1 Administrative Courts and the Interest Requirement -- 3.1.2 Civil Courts and the Interest Requirement -- 3.1.3 The Constitutional Court and the Interest Requirement -- 3.1.4 Right of Substitution for Citizens.3.2 Overview of Various Costs of Resolving Disputes Within the Formal Judicial Machinery and Exemptions -- 4 From `Law in the Books´ to `Law in Action´: Do Belgian Organisations Acting in the Collective Interest Find Their Way to Cou... -- 4.1 Human and Financial Resources -- 4.1.1 Structure of the Organisations/Collectives and Aims -- 4.1.2 Financial Resources -- 4.2 Locus Standi and Expenses -- 4.2.1 Locus Standi -- 4.2.2 Cost of the Proceedings (Judicial and Legal Fees) and Other Expenses -- 4.3 Perceived Legitimacy of the Belgian Legal Framework -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Standing, Justiciability, and Burden of Proof in Climate Litigation: Challenges and Proposals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Roots of Climate Litigation -- 2.1 Climate Change and Justice -- 2.1.1 Background -- 2.1.2 Human Rights -- 2.1.3 Inequality -- 2.1.4 Future Generations -- 2.1.5 Conclusion: Climate Change Is a Matter of Justice -- 2.2 From International Law to National Courts -- 3 Litigation Categories -- 3.1 Classification -- 3.2 Strategic Litigation Against Governments -- 3.2.1 General -- 3.2.2 Leghari -- 3.2.3 Juliana -- 3.2.4 Urgenda -- 3.2.5 Neubauer -- 3.2.6 Conclusion -- 3.3 Strategic Litigation Against Actors in the Private Sector -- 3.3.1 General -- 3.3.2 Claims Seeking to Reduce Emissions -- 3.3.3 Claims Against Specific Projects -- 3.4 Litigation for Compensatory Damages Against Actors in the Private Sector -- 3.5 Claims Based on Statutory Environmental Assessment Law -- 3.5.1 General -- 3.5.2 Gloucester Resources -- 3.5.3 Earthlife Africa Johannesburg -- 3.5.4 Vienna Airport -- 3.5.5 Conclusion: The Potential of Environmental Assessment Litigation -- 3.6 Fundamental Rights Litigation -- 3.6.1 General -- 3.6.2 Legal Foundations -- 3.6.3 Jurisdiction Levels -- 3.7 Conclusion: Enforcing Climate Rights Through Litigation.4 Outdated Standing, Justiciability and Evidence Rules -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Standing Rules -- 4.3 Justiciability -- 4.4 Evidence Rules -- 4.5 Conclusion: Outdated Procedural Rules Entail Longer and More Risky Court Proceedings -- 5 The IBA Model Statute: Ideas for Procedural Law Reform -- 5.1 The IBA Proposals to Overcome the Issue of Standing -- 5.2 The IBA Proposals to Overcome the Issue of Justiciability -- 5.3 The IBA Proposals on Evidence Rules -- 6 Conclusion -- Case Law -- References -- Reports -- Simplification of Procedure -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Access to Lawyers (or ``Lawyer-Less´´ Litigation?) -- 1.2 Aim and Outline -- 2 Background -- 2.1 The Swedish Court System -- 2.2 The ``Right´´ to Counsel: Effective or Illusory? -- 2.3 The Concept of ``Simplified Procedures´´ -- 3 Lawyers´ Fees -- 3.1 Cost-Shifting -- 3.1.1 Two-Way Cost-Shifting in Civil Proceedings -- 3.1.2 No-Way Cost-Shifting in Administrative Proceedings -- 3.2 Legal Aid (and Legal Expense Insurances) -- 3.2.1 Legal Aid (and LEI:s) in Civil Proceedings -- 3.2.2 Legal Aid (and Public Counsel) in Administrative Proceedings -- 3.3 Lawyer-Less Litigation Before the Administrative Courts -- 4 Lawyer Advantage -- 4.1 The Sailor and the Shark -- 4.2 Levelling the Playing Field -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- 5.1 Debunking the Myth of ``Simplified Procedures´´ -- 5.2 There Is No Such Thing as a Free Lunch -- Legal Statues -- Government Bills -- Official Reports of the Swedish Government -- Case Law: The European Court of Human Rights -- Case Law: The Supreme Court of Sweden -- Case Law: The Supreme Administrative Court of Sweden -- Other Sources -- References -- ``Equality of Legal Protection´´: On the Constitutional Derivation of the Right to Legal Aid in Administrative Proceedings and... -- 1 The Constitutional ``Equality of Legal Protection´´.2 Legal Aid According to the Statutory Provisions.The YSEC Yearbook of Constitutions 2022, edited by Eva Storskrubb, provides a comprehensive analysis of the funding of justice and its critical impact on access to justice and the enforcement of rights. This volume delves into civil, commercial, public, and international legal proceedings, emphasizing the significance of financial means in accessing legal systems. The yearbook addresses the challenges faced by various jurisdictions in ensuring access to justice, with contributions from procedural contexts worldwide. It draws on historical perspectives and contemporary issues, exploring the evolution of procedural scholarship and the role of alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Aimed at legal scholars, practitioners, and policymakers, this work seeks to enhance understanding of the foundational legal frameworks governing economic and social well-being.Generated by AI.YSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions SeriesJustice, Administration ofGenerated by AILegal assistance to the poorGenerated by AIJustice, Administration ofLegal assistance to the poor353.4Storskrubb Eva1432737MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQ9910751384403321YSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions 20223577782UNINA06066nam 22006495 450 991029818680332120251116194838.03-319-68807-310.1007/978-3-319-68807-7(CKB)4100000001041957(DE-He213)978-3-319-68807-7(MiAaPQ)EBC5150743(PPN)22223413X(EXLCZ)99410000000104195720171117d2018 u| 0engurnn#008mamaatxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierThe Emergence of EU Defense Research Policy From Innovation to Militarization /edited by Nikolaos Karampekios, Iraklis Oikonomou, Elias G. Carayannis1st ed. 2018.Cham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2018.1 online resource (xxx, 380 p. )Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management,2197-56983-319-68806-5 Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters.Foreword -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Section I: Theorizing European Non-Civilian R&D -- Chapter 2 Expanding EU Research Policy as a Mirror Image of the Deepening of the EU and the Evolution of its Governance -- Chapter 3 The Origins of the European Defense Research Program -- Chapter 4 Strong EU vs. Determinant National Preferences -- Section II: The Economics of Arms Production and R&D Collaboration -- Chapter 5 The Economics of European Defense Industrial Policy -- Chapter 6 The Economic Imperative of Europeanizing Defense Innovation -- Chapter 7 The Arms Economy -- Section III: The Emergence of European Non-Civilian R&D -- Chapter 8 Europe's Defense Armaments Collaborative "Model" -- Chapter 9 European Armaments Collaboration -- Chapter 10 The European Commission and Defense in the 1990s -- Chapter 11 The Making of the Preparatory Action for Security Research and Beyond -- Chapter 12 The Emergence of the European Defense Research Program -- Section IV: Actors in EU Non-Civilian R&D -- Chapter 13 The Role of the European Commission: Defense Industry Relationship in the Emergence of EDRP -- Chapter 14 Collaborative Networks in the European Security Research Program -- Chapter 15 The European Parliament's Agenda on Space -- Chapter 16 The EDA, the Commission, and EU Military Research -- Section V: Other Themes -- Chapter 17 NATO and Transatlantic Relations in Defense R&D -- Chapter 18 Legal Aspects of EU Defense Policy -- Chapter 19 The Evolving Role of the EU in Space-Related Security and Military Research -- Chapter 20 Militarizing Border Security in EU Research Programs -- Chapter 21 The Security Dimension in Non-Security FP7 Themes -- Chapter 22 Conclusions.This book explores European security and defense R&D policy, unveiling the strategic, industrial, institutional and ideational sources of the European Commission’s military research initiative. Starting from a well-defined empirical epicentre—the rise of non-civilian R&D priorities in the European Union—this book covers interrelated themes and topics such as approaches to arms production and R&D collaboration relationships between European R&D-related institutions technology and research foundations of European security policy past and present European armament collaborations transatlantic R&D collaboration the militarization of border security. Divided into 5 sections, the enclosed chapters explore the EU technology and innovation policy in regards to security, industrial competitiveness and military capabilities. The terrorist attacks in the US on September 11, 2001 provided a window of opportunity for the introduction of security as a distinct European R&D priority. In fact, since 2002, the Preparatory Action for Security Research (PASR) has funded 45 million euros to 39 research consortia to conduct security R&D. While the idea of pooling defense research efforts and programmes in Europe is not new, the establishment of institutions like the European Defense Agency (EDA) are a major step into institutionalizing European agencies involvement in supporting defense technology research. It is against this backdrop of policy developments that this book is positioned, in addition to addressing some of the political, economic, industrial and philosophical questions that arise. Featuring contributions from a variety of academic fields and industries, this book will be of interest to scholars, researchers, students and policy makers in the fields of security policy, international relations, innovation, European studies and military studies.Innovation, Technology, and Knowledge Management,2197-5698ManagementIndustrial managementEconomic policyPolitics and warInnovation/Technology Managementhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/518000R & D/Technology Policyhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/W43000Military and Defence Studieshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/912080Management.Industrial management.Economic policy.Politics and war.Innovation/Technology Management.R & D/Technology Policy.Military and Defence Studies.355.0335408.24.16EP-CLASS64.20.08EP-CLASSKarampekios Nikolaosedthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edtOikonomou Iraklisedthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edtCarayannis Elias G.edthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/edtMiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910298186803321The Emergence of EU Defense Research Policy2518428UNINA