11283nam 2200553 450 991074324310332120220929221158.0981-16-7877-4981-16-7876-6981-16-7877-4(MiAaPQ)EBC6887191(Au-PeEL)EBL6887191(CKB)21167316600041(PPN)260828351(EXLCZ)992116731660004120220929d2022 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierCompressed earth block & rammed earth structures /B. V. Venkatarama ReddySingapore :Springer,[2022]©20221 online resource (475 pages)Springer transactions in civil and environmental engineeringPrint version: Reddy, B. V. Venkatarama Compressed Earth Block and Rammed Earth Structures Singapore : Springer Singapore Pte. Limited,c2022 9789811678769 Includes bibliographical references and index.Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- About This Book -- Contents -- About the Author -- Part I Introduction to Earth Construction and Soil Stabilisation -- 1 Earthen Materials and Earthen Structures -- 1.1 History of Earthen Structures -- 1.2 Earthen Structures in Twentieth-Twenty-First Century -- 1.2.1 Unstabilised Earthen Structures in Twentieth-Twenty-First Century -- 1.2.2 Stabilised Earth Structures in Twentieth-Twenty-First Century -- 1.3 Prefabricated Rammed Earth Construction -- 1.4 Codes and Norms on Stabilised CEB and Stabilised Rammed Earth -- 1.5 Energy, Emissions, Environment and Earthen Structures -- 1.6 Scope and Structure -- References -- 2 Soils -- 2.1 Soil Formation -- 2.2 Soil Particle Size -- 2.3 Clay Minerals -- 2.3.1 Identification of Clay Minerals -- 2.4 Some Common Terms, Definitions and Soil Classification -- 2.5 Particle Size Distribution -- 2.6 Classification of Soils -- 2.7 Commonly Occurring Soils -- References -- 3 Soil Stabilisation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Need for the Stabilised Earth Products in Superstructure -- 3.3 Soil Stabilisation Techniques -- 3.3.1 Mechanical Stabilisation -- 3.3.2 Stabilisation by Compaction -- 3.3.3 Stabilisation by Additives -- 3.4 Cement Stabilisation -- 3.5 Lime Stabilisation -- 3.5.1 Burning of Limestone -- 3.5.2 Slacking of Lime -- 3.5.3 Lime-Clay Reactions -- 3.6 Soil Compaction -- 3.6.1 Soil as a Three-Phase System -- 3.6.2 Soil Compaction Process -- 3.6.3 Dynamic Compaction -- 3.6.4 Factors Affecting Soil Compaction -- 3.6.5 Static Compaction of Soils -- 3.6.6 Compaction of Soils to Produce Compressed Earth Block (CEB) -- 3.6.7 The Static Compaction Test -- 3.6.8 Comparison Between Static Compaction Test and Standard Proctor Test -- References -- Part II Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks and Masonry -- 4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Production.4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Soil Selection, Excavation and Transportation -- 4.2.1 Soil Selection -- 4.2.2 Excavation and Transportation -- 4.3 Soil Processing for CEB or Rammed Earth Production -- 4.3.1 Pulverising the Soil -- 4.3.2 Sieving -- 4.3.3 Modifying the Soil Composition -- 4.3.4 Mixing Soils, Aggregates and Binders -- 4.3.5 Mixing Soil-Binder Mixture and Water -- 4.4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Production -- 4.4.1 CEB Production Process -- 4.4.2 Analysis of CEB Production Process -- 4.5 Curing -- 4.5.1 Curing by Keeping the Stack of CEBs in Moist Condition -- 4.5.2 Steam Curing at Atmospheric Pressure -- 4.6 Machines to Produce Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 4.6.1 Manual Machines -- 4.6.2 Mechanised and Semi-mechanised Machines -- References -- 5 Characteristics of Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Factors Affecting the Strength Characteristics of Stabilised Compressed Earth Block -- 5.3 Influence of Soil Composition on the Strength of Stabilised Compressed Earth Block -- 5.3.1 Soil Reconstitution -- 5.3.2 Optimum Soil Grading for Stabilised Compressed Earth Bricks/blocks -- 5.3.3 Chemical Properties of Soils and the Strength Development in Stabilised CEB -- 5.3.4 Organic Matter and Soil Stabilisation -- 5.4 Density, Strength and Moulding Moisture Content -- 5.4.1 Density and Strength Relationships -- 5.4.2 Density, Moulding Moisture and Strength Relationships -- 5.5 Strength and Stabiliser Content -- 5.5.1 Cement Stabilised Compressed Earth Products -- 5.5.2 Lime Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 5.6 Effect of Curing Conditions on the Strength Development in Stabilised CEB -- 5.6.1 Moist Curing -- 5.6.2 Steam Curing -- 5.7 Wet and Dry Compressive Strength of Stabilised Compressed Earth -- 5.8 Long-Term Strength of Stabilised Compressed Earth Products.5.9 Absorption Characteristics of Stabilised Compressed Earth Products -- 5.9.1 Water Absorption or Saturated Water Content -- 5.9.2 Rate of Water Absorption in Cement Stabilised Compressed Earth Bricks/blocks -- 5.9.3 Initial Rate of Absorption -- 5.10 Stress-Strain Characteristics of Cement Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 5.11 Thermal Characteristics of Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 5.12 Durability of Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 5.13 Types of Damages in Stabilised Earth Brick/block Masonry Buildings -- 5.14 Deterioration Mechanisms in Stabilised Earth Products -- 5.15 Evaluation of Durability Characteristics of Stabilised Earth Products -- 5.15.1 Spray Erosion Test -- 5.15.2 Drip Test -- 5.15.3 Cyclic Wetting and Drying Test -- 5.15.4 Linear Expansion on Saturation -- 5.15.5 Usefulness of LES and Mass Loss Values -- 5.15.6 Freeze-Thaw Test -- 5.16 Performance of Plastered Stabilised CEB Wall Surfaces -- 5.17 Summary on Durability of Stabilised CEB -- 5.18 Retrofitting the Damaged Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry Walls -- 5.18.1 Patch Plastering with Cement-Soil Mortar -- 5.18.2 Providing Additional Skirting of Stabilised CEB Veneer on the Damaged Walls -- 5.18.3 Progressively Replacing the Damaged Stabilised CEB Wall -- References -- 6 Mortars for Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mortar Constituents -- 6.3 Fine Aggregate for Mortars -- 6.4 Types of Mortars -- 6.5 Mortar Characteristics -- 6.5.1 Workability of Mortar -- 6.5.2 Compressive Strength of the Mortar -- 6.5.3 Water Retentivity -- 6.5.4 Drying Shrinkage of Mortars -- 6.5.5 Development of Bond (Adhesion) with the Brick or Block -- 6.5.6 Stress-Strain Characteristics and Modulus of Mortars -- 6.6 Selection of Mortar -- 6.6.1 Masonry Type and the Strength of the Masonry Unit -- 6.6.2 Masonry Application.6.6.3 Load Carrying Capacity of the Masonry -- 6.6.4 Moisture Penetration and Frost Resistance -- 6.7 Mortars for Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- References -- 7 Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Bond Strength in Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- 7.2.1 Mechanism of Bond Development -- 7.2.2 Surface Texture of Cement Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks -- 7.2.3 Rate of Water Absorption in Stabilised CEB -- 7.2.4 Assessing Bond Strength -- 7.2.5 Optimum Moisture Content in the Stabilised CEB for Bond Development -- 7.3 Flexure Strength of Stabilised CEB Masonry -- 7.3.1 Flexure Bond Strength -- 7.3.2 Flexure Strength of Stabilised CEB Masonry Walls -- 7.4 Shear Strength of Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- 7.5 Compressive Strength of Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- 7.5.1 Compressive Strength of the Masonry Unit and the Mortar -- 7.5.2 Masonry Under Compression -- 7.5.3 Factors Influencing the Compressive Strength of Stabilised CEB Masonry Walls -- 7.5.4 Compressive Strength of Stabilised CEB Masonry Elements -- 7.5.5 Influence of Joint Thickness on the Stabilised CEB Masonry Compressive Strength -- 7.5.6 Compressive Strength of Stabilised CEB Masonry Walls -- 7.6 Stress-Strain Characteristics of Mortars, Stabilised CEB and CEB Masonry -- References -- 8 Design of Stabilised Compressed Earth Block Masonry -- 8.1 Design for Gravity Loads -- 8.2 Design Procedure for Gravity Loading as Per NBC (2016) Code -- 8.2.1 Stress Reduction Factors -- 8.3 Design Procedure for Gravity Loading as Per Eurocode-6 (BS EN 1996-1-1:2005+A1:2012) -- 8.4 Stabilised CEB Masonry Design Using Working Stress Method -- 8.4.1 Example 1-Design of a Dormitory -- 8.4.2 Example 2-Six Storey Load Bearing Structure -- 8.5 Stabilised CEB Masonry Design Using Limit State Method.8.5.1 Example 3-Design of a Dormitory -- References -- 9 Geopolymer or Alkali Activated Stabilised Earth Bricks -- 9.1 Geopolymers or Alkali Activated Binders -- 9.2 Reaction Mechanisms in Geopolymerisation or Alkali Activation Processes -- 9.3 Alkali Activated/geopolymer Binders for Stabilised Compressed Earth Bricks -- 9.4 Efflorescence in the Geopolymer Stabilised Compressed Earth Products -- 9.5 Effect of Salt Leaching on the Strength of Geopolymer Stabilised Compressed Earth Specimens -- 9.6 Characteristics of Geopolymer Stabilised Compressed Earth Bricks -- 9.6.1 Production of Geopolymer Stabilised CEB -- 9.6.2 Characteristics of Geopolymer Stabilised Compressed Earth Bricks -- References -- 10 Compressed Earth Blocks Using Non-organic Solid Wastes -- 10.1 Non-organic Solid Wastes -- 10.2 Characteristics of Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks Using NOSW's -- 10.2.1 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks Using Iron Ore Tailings -- 10.2.2 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks Using C&amp -- D Waste -- 10.2.3 Stabilised Compressed Blocks Using Gold Mine Tailings -- 10.2.4 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks Using Fly Ash -- 10.2.5 Stabilised Compressed Earth Blocks Using Slag -- 10.3 Summary -- References -- Part III Stabilised Rammed Earth -- 11 Introduction to Rammed Earth -- 11.1 Rammed Earth -- 11.2 History and Developments in Rammed Earth Construction -- 11.3 Method of Casting Rammed Earth -- 11.3.1 Setting the Mould -- 11.3.2 Processing the Soil and Preparation of the Mix -- 11.3.3 Compacting the Processed Material -- 11.3.4 Dismantling the Formwork and Curing -- 11.4 Rammed Earth Structures-Potential and Prospects -- References -- 12 Compressive Strength of Rammed Earth -- 12.1 Compressive Strength -- 12.2 Optimum Soil Grading -- 12.3 Optimum Moisture Content -- 12.3.1 Influence of Soil Grading and Cement Content on the Compaction Characteristics.12.4 Moulding Moisture Content, Density and Strength.Springer transactions in civil and environmental engineering.Compressed earth block and rammed earth structuresEarth constructionSustainable buildingsEarth construction.Sustainable buildings.693.2Venkatarama Reddy B. V.1427034MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910743243103321Compressed earth block & rammed earth structures3559740UNINA