09628nam 2200493 450 991062927820332120230319165643.03-031-06271-X(MiAaPQ)EBC7132896(Au-PeEL)EBL7132896(CKB)25289753800041(PPN)266354173(EXLCZ)992528975380004120230319d2022 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierFrom net neutrality to ICT neutrality /Patrick Maillé and Bruno TuffinCham, Switzerland :Springer,[2022]©20221 online resource (194 pages)Print version: Maillé, Patrick From Net Neutrality to ICT Neutrality Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 9783031062704 Includes bibliographical references.Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Authors -- Acronyms -- 1 Introduction: A Bit of History -- 1.1 The Advent of the Digital Economy and the Need for Regulation -- 1.2 The Internet: Worries About the Lack of Neutrality -- 1.3 New Services: New Difficulties and Potential Hindrance to Society -- 1.4 Toward ICT Neutrality? -- 1.5 Goal and Organization of This Book -- 2 Definitions -- 2.1 Several Definitions of Neutrality -- 2.2 Analysis and Comparison -- 2.3 Specialized Services -- 2.3.1 Perimeter of Specialized Services -- 2.3.2 Need for Specialized Services -- 2.3.3 Implications of Introducing a Special Class of Service -- 2.4 Zero-Rating and Sponsored Data -- 2.5 Public Consultations -- 2.6 Worldwide Implementations -- 2.6.1 North America -- 2.6.1.1 USA -- 2.6.1.2 Canada -- 2.6.1.3 Mexico -- 2.6.2 Europe -- 2.6.2.1 European Union -- 2.6.2.2 France -- 2.6.2.3 Germany -- 2.6.2.4 United Kingdom -- 2.6.2.5 The Netherlands -- 2.6.2.6 Norway -- 2.6.2.7 Slovenia -- 2.6.2.8 Russia -- 2.6.3 Asia -- 2.6.3.1 China -- 2.6.3.2 Japan -- 2.6.3.3 South Korea -- 2.6.3.4 India -- 2.6.4 Oceania -- 2.6.4.1 Australia -- 2.6.4.2 New Zealand -- 2.6.5 South America -- 2.6.5.1 Chile -- 2.6.5.2 Brazil -- 2.6.6 Africa -- 2.7 A Situation Still Evolving -- 2.8 A Trade-Off with Users Deciding Differentiation? -- 2.9 Conclusions -- 3 Pros and Cons: The Arguments in the Debate -- 3.1 The ``Freedom'' Arguments: Whose Freedom? -- 3.1.1 [Pro-NN] Net Neutrality Is Needed to Guarantee Free Speech -- 3.1.2 [Anti-NN] Net Neutrality Hinders Operators' Freedom of Enterprise -- 3.2 The ``Investment'' Arguments -- 3.2.1 [Anti-NN] Returns on Investments Are Needed -- 3.2.2 [Pro-NN] More Customers, More Investments -- 3.3 The ``Competition and Innovation'' Arguments -- 3.3.1 [Pro-NN] Non-neutrality Biases the Competition Among Services.3.3.2 [Anti-NN] ISPs Favoring Some Content Providers Stimulates ISP Competition (Through Content) -- 3.3.3 [Pro-NN] Neutrality Is Needed to Allow Innovating Newcomers -- 3.4 The ``Security and Privacy'' Arguments -- 3.4.1 [Anti-NN] Encryption Already Prevents Discrimination -- 3.4.2 [Pro-NN] Neutrality Helps Protect Privacy -- 3.5 The ``Welfare'' Arguments -- 3.5.1 [Pro-NN] Non-neutrality Would Lead to a Fragmented Internet, Which Is Bad For Users -- 3.5.2 [Anti-NN] Content Providers Should Contribute to the Infrastructure Costs to Reduce Users' Share -- 3.5.3 [Anti-NN] A Free Market Finds the Most Efficient Outcome -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 4 Mathematical Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction to Mathematical Modeling and Game Theory -- 4.1.1 Elements of Non-cooperative Game Theory -- 4.1.2 Output Analysis -- 4.1.3 Principle of Mechanism Design -- 4.2 A Basic Model -- 4.3 Model with Two Content Providers -- 4.3.1 Pricing Game Between CPs (α=2) -- 4.3.2 Fully Neutral Case (α=2) -- 4.3.3 Weakly Neutral Case (α=2) -- 4.3.4 Non-neutral Case (α=2) -- 4.3.5 Comparison -- 4.4 Other Conclusions from the Literature -- 4.5 Additional Notes -- 5 Non-neutrality Pushed by Content Providers -- 5.1 Non-neutrality as a Barrier to Entry Protecting Incumbents -- 5.1.1 Modeling the Impact of a New Entrant CP -- 5.1.2 Actors' Revenues and Decision Time Scales -- 5.1.2.1 CP Revenues -- 5.1.2.2 ISP Revenue -- 5.1.2.3 Order of Decisions -- 5.1.3 Analyzing the Game for Fixed Side Payments -- 5.1.3.1 User Decisions -- 5.1.3.2 ISP Subscription Price pA -- 5.1.3.3 Should the New CP Enter the Market? -- 5.1.3.4 Illustration Example: Impact of the Side Payment -- 5.1.4 Can the ISP and the Incumbent CP Agree on Side Payments? -- 5.1.4.1 Side Payments Maximizing the ISP Revenue Are Not Sustainable -- 5.1.4.2 Can Side Payments Benefit Both the Incumbent CP and the ISP?.5.1.4.3 How Can the ISP and Incumbent CP Agree on a Side Payment Level? -- 5.1.4.4 What About Users? Should the Regulator Intervene? -- 5.1.5 Refining the Model -- 5.2 Sponsored Data and Zero Rating -- 5.2.1 Modeling Sponsored-Data Practices in a Competitive ISP Context -- 5.2.1.1 Users' Decisions and Preferences -- 5.2.1.2 The CP Side: Advertising and Sponsoring -- 5.2.1.3 ISP Price Competition -- 5.2.1.4 Order of Decisions -- 5.2.2 How Does the CP Decide to Sponsor and Add Advertisement? -- 5.2.2.1 The Pricing Game Played by ISPs -- 5.2.3 A Practice Finally Mostly Benefiting ISPs? -- 5.3 When Big CPs Designate the ``Good'' ISPs: Incentivizing Non-neutrality Without Paying -- 5.3.1 ISP Competition: The Importance of Looking Good -- 5.3.2 A Two-ISP, Two-CP model with Heterogeneous Users -- 5.3.2.1 Modelling Consumer (Heterogeneous) Usage of Different CPs -- 5.3.2.2 ISPs Deciding How to Allocate Their Capacity Affects CP Quality -- 5.3.2.3 Introducing Some Asymmetry Among CPs: Required Throughput -- 5.3.2.4 Users Care About the Quality of the Services They Use! -- 5.3.2.5 A (Simple) Game on Differentiation -- 5.3.3 User Equilibria: How ISP Decisions Affect User Subscription Choices -- 5.3.4 The Game Among ISPs and Its Consequences -- 5.3.4.1 At the Equilibrium, Both ISPs Differentiate the Same Way -- 5.3.4.2 Equilibrium vs Neutral Capacity Allocation: Neutrality Hindering Innovation? -- 5.3.4.3 Equilibrium vs Neutral Capacity Allocation: No Impact for ISPs -- 5.3.4.4 Equilibrium vs Neutral Capacity Allocation: What About Users? -- 5.3.5 A Model Yielding Unexpected Conclusions -- 5.4 Conclusions -- 6 A More General View of Neutrality -- 6.1 Is It Relevant to Generalize Network Neutrality? -- 6.2 Content Delivery Networks: Intermediaries Flying Under the Radar? -- 6.2.1 Introduction to CDN Role and Impact.6.2.2 Model Illustrating the Impact of CDNs on Competition Between CPs -- 6.2.3 Model Illustrating the Impact of CDNs on Competition Between ISPs -- 6.3 Issues Related to Vertical Integration -- 6.3.1 Vertical Integration and the Internet Ecosystem -- 6.3.2 Illustration of Vertical Integration on Our Basic Model -- 6.3.3 Other Illustrations and Results from Models -- 6.4 Device Neutrality -- 6.5 Neutrality of Structuring Platforms -- 6.6 Also Toward Data Neutrality? -- 7 Search Neutrality -- 7.1 Is It in Search Engines' Interest to Be Neutral? -- 7.1.1 Modeling the Long-Term vs. Short-Term Gains Trade-Off -- 7.1.1.1 Modeling Requests as Random Pairs of Vectors -- 7.1.1.2 Click-Through-Rate: Impact of Position and Relevance -- 7.1.1.3 Frequency of Requests and SE Objective Function -- 7.1.1.4 How Would a Neutral SE Work? -- 7.1.2 The Revenue-Maximizing Ranking Policy: An (Almost) Explicit Trade-Off Between Relevance and Gains -- 7.1.3 Neutral vs. Non-neutral Search Engine: What Are the Differences? -- 7.1.3.1 A Simple Example with 10 Actors -- 7.1.3.2 Ad Revenues Are Good for Result Quality! -- 7.1.3.3 Should Users Care Whether Their SE Is Neutral? -- 7.1.3.4 Quantifying How Non-neutrality Distorts Competition Among CPs -- 7.1.3.5 Impact of Search (Non-)Neutrality on Innovation -- 7.2 Detecting Bias and Trying to Build a ``Neutral'' Search Engine -- 7.2.1 A Look At Related Contributions -- 7.2.2 An Estimation of Page Relevance: Average Page Visibility -- 7.2.3 Quantifying How ``Consensual'' a Search Engine Is:The SE Score -- 7.2.4 Pointing Out Possible Bias: Statistical Tests -- 7.2.5 Aggregating Results from SEs to Create Meta-SEs -- 7.2.5.1 The Consensus Ranking -- 7.2.5.2 The Majority Judgment Ranking -- 7.2.5.3 Robustness to Bias: Consensus Ranking vs Majority Judgment -- 7.2.6 A Few Observations from a Campaign on 1000 Search Terms.7.2.6.1 The ``Chrome'' Search Term -- 7.3 Conclusion -- 8 Algorithmic Transparency -- 8.1 Algorithmic Transparency and Structuring Platforms: Why Introduce Scrutiny? -- 8.2 Worries About the Transparency of Artificial Intelligence Algorithms -- 8.3 How to Proceed? -- 8.4 Fake News, Manipulation of Opinions, Hatred, and Fact Checking -- 8.5 Conclusion on Transparency and Neutrality -- 9 Tools to Monitor Neutrality -- 9.1 Why Are Specific Tools Needed? -- 9.2 Tools for the Monitoring of ISPs -- 9.2.1 Potential Infringements -- 9.2.2 Available Tools -- 9.2.3 The Limits of the Existing Tools -- 9.3 Monitoring Other Actors -- 9.3.1 Monitoring CDNs -- 9.3.2 Monitoring Search Engines -- 9.4 Tools and Algorithmic Transparency -- 9.5 Fact-Checking Tools -- 10 Conclusions -- References.Computer scienceNetwork neutralityComputer science.Network neutrality.215Maillé Patrick1265378Tuffin BrunoMiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910629278203321From net neutrality to ICT neutrality3071100UNINA02323oam 2200601 450 991071691790332120211123140644.0(CKB)5470000002527020(OCoLC)1154792962(EXLCZ)99547000000252702020200519d1939 ua 0engurbn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierWind-tunnel investigation of effect of yaw on lateral-stability characteristicsIFour N.A.C.A. 23012 wings of various plan forms with and without dihedral /by M.J. Bamber and R.O. HouseWashington, [D.C.] :National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,1939.1 online resource (9 pages, 8 unnumbered pages) illustrationsTechnical note / National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ;No. 703"April 1939."No Federal Depository Library Program (FDLP) item number.Includes bibliographical references (page 9).Four N.A.C.A. 23012 wings of various plan forms with and without dihedralFour National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 23012 wings of various plan forms with and without dihedralAirplanesWingsTestingYawing (Aerodynamics)Wind tunnel testingStability of airplanesAirplanesWingsTestingfastStability of airplanesfastWind tunnel testingfastYawing (Aerodynamics)fastAirplanesWingsTesting.Yawing (Aerodynamics)Wind tunnel testing.Stability of airplanes.AirplanesWingsTesting.Stability of airplanes.Wind tunnel testing.Yawing (Aerodynamics)Bamber M. J.1386953House R. O.United States.National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics,TRAALTRAALOCLCOOCLCFGPOBOOK9910716917903321Wind-tunnel investigation of effect of yaw on lateral-stability characteristics3436290UNINA