01912nam 2200445 a 450 991070218050332120121203102223.0(CKB)5470000002424330(OCoLC)820006280(EXLCZ)99547000000242433020121203d1982 ua 0engurbn|||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierChemical-quality reconnaissance of the water and surficial bed material in the Delaware River estuary and adjacent New Jersey tributaries, 1980-81[electronic resource] /Joseph J. Hochreiter, Jr. ; prepared in cooperation with the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection, Division of Water ResourcesTrenton, N.J. :U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,[1982]1 online resource (viii, 41 pages) illustrations, mapWater-resources investigations ;82-36Title from title screen (viewed on Dec. 3, 2012)."June 1982."Includes bibliographical references (pages 36-41).WaterPollutionNew JerseyWaterPollutionDelaware River (N.Y.-Del. and N.J.)Water qualityNew JerseyWater qualityDelaware River (N.Y.-Del. and N.J.)WaterPollutionWaterPollutionWater qualityWater qualityHochreiter Joseph J1395379New Jersey.Division of Water Resources.Geological Survey (U.S.).Water Resources Division.GPOGPOBOOK9910702180503321Chemical-quality reconnaissance of the water and surficial bed material in the Delaware River estuary and adjacent New Jersey tributaries, 1980-813517889UNINA05415oam 22011894 450 991097398940332120250426110713.09786612844614978146233658614623365829781282844612128284461X9781451874198145187419797814527692261452769222(CKB)3170000000055399(EBL)1606005(SSID)ssj0000949352(PQKBManifestationID)11596460(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000949352(PQKBWorkID)10996930(PQKB)10505316(OCoLC)666237579(IMF)WPIEE2009274(MiAaPQ)EBC1606005(IMF)WPIEA2009274WPIEA2009274(EXLCZ)99317000000005539920020129d2009 uf 0engurcnu||||||||txtccrCyclical Patterns of Government Expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa : Facts and Factors /Irene Yackovlev, Victor Lledo, Lucie Gadenne1st ed.Washington, D.C. :International Monetary Fund,2009.1 online resource (53 p.)IMF Working Papers"November 2009."9781451918359 1451918356 Includes bibliographical references.Cover Page; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; I. Introduction; 1. Evolution of the fiscal balance in sub-Saharan Africa, current and past cycles; 1. Number of sub-Saharan African countries satisfying various macroeconomic performance and institutional quality criterial by decade; II. Literature Review; III. Empirical Strategy; A. Empirical Model and Identification; B. Data, Measurement, and Specification; IV. Results; A. Key Facts; 2. Cyclical properties of government spending, 1970-2008; 3. Robustness checks, system-GMM estimates and additional controls4. Cyclical properties of government spending by decade B. Factors; 5. Political factors, impact on procyclicality, 1970-2008; 6. Financing constraints, impact on procyclicality, 1970-2008; 7. Macroeconomic stability and fiscal space, impact on procyclicality, 1970-2008; 8. How can we explain the evolution of procyclicality over time in sub-Saharan Africa?; V. Conclusions and Policy Implications; Appendix; References; FootnotesThis paper documents cyclical patterns of government expenditures in sub-Saharan Africa since 1970 and explains variation between countries and over time. Controlling for endogeneity, it finds government expenditures to be slightly more procyclical in sub-Saharan Africa than in other developing countries and some evidence that procyclicality in Africa has declined in recent years after a period of sharp increase through the 1990s. Greater fiscal space, proxied by lower external debt, and better access to concessional financing, proxied by larger aid flows, seem to be important factors in diminishing procyclicality in the region. The role of institutions is less clear cut: changes in political institutions have no impact on procyclicality.IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;No. 2009/274Fiscal policyAfrica, Sub-SaharanFinance, PublicAfrica, Sub-SaharanDebt ManagementimfDebtimfDebts, PublicimfExpenditureimfExpenditures, PublicimfFinanceimfFinance: GeneralimfFinancial risk managementimfFiscal PolicyimfFiscal policyimfFiscal spaceimfGeneral Financial Markets: Government Policy and RegulationimfMacroeconomicsimfNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: GeneralimfProcyclicalityimfPublic debtimfPublic finance & taxationimfPublic FinanceimfSovereign DebtimfAfrica, Sub-SaharanEconomic policySouth AfricaimfFiscal policyFinance, PublicDebt ManagementDebtDebts, PublicExpenditureExpenditures, PublicFinanceFinance: GeneralFinancial risk managementFiscal PolicyFiscal policyFiscal spaceGeneral Financial Markets: Government Policy and RegulationMacroeconomicsNational Government Expenditures and Related Policies: GeneralProcyclicalityPublic debtPublic finance & taxationPublic FinanceSovereign Debt338.28394Yackovlev Irene1815839Gadenne Lucie1816454Lledo Victor495905International Monetary Fund.African Dept.DcWaIMFBOOK9910973989403321Cyclical Patterns of Government Expenditures in Sub-Saharan Africa4372543UNINA