03499nam 2200841z- 450 991056646020332120231214133226.0(CKB)5680000000037779(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/81016(EXLCZ)99568000000003777920202205d2022 |y 0engurmn|---annantxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierResearch on Cosmic Rays and Their Impact on Human ActivitiesBaselMDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute20221 electronic resource (140 p.)3-0365-3857-7 3-0365-3858-5 The galactic cosmic–ray spectrum extends over 14 orders of magnitudes in energy and about 12 orders of magnitude in intensity, and it can be studied using two different methods: via the “direct detection” of the primary cosmic rays in space or at high altitude and via the “indirect detection” of secondary particles, namely the extensive air showers produced by a primary cosmic–ray particle impinging the atmosphere. In this Special Issue, both direct and indirect measurements are presented via from various experiments. Emphasis is placed on low-energy electrons and protons that are detected in flight as well as during geomagnetic storms. As for indirect detection, the muon flux determination and modulation at ground level are described in great detail. Some of the most interesting results are hereby presented, and a couple of new techniques in cosmic–ray detection are reported.Research & information: generalbicsscMathematics & sciencebicssccosmic raysExtensive Air Showersparticle detectorsCosmic Ray EnsemblesionosphereELF/VLF wavesenergetic electron precipitationsstorm-time featureCSEStrapped particlesSouth Atlantic AnomalyAE9/AP9/SPM modelsradiation beltsPoisson datatime seriesquasi-Gaussian filterdigital filteringoptimizationglobal minimizationannealing simulation algorithmspace weathergeomagnetic stormsLEO satellitesdigital gamma-rays spectrometercosmic vetoactive shieldmuonsmuon flux periodicityatmospheric neutronsradiation dosepassengers and flight crewultrathin calorimeterdirect measurementsenergy reconstructionPAMELAshower development universalitycosmic ray physicsmulti-messenger astrophysicsextensive air showersResearch & information: generalMathematics & scienceSparvoli Robertaedt1328522Martucci MatteoedtSparvoli RobertaothMartucci MatteoothBOOK9910566460203321Research on Cosmic Rays and Their Impact on Human Activities3038643UNINA