10896nam 2200493 450 991056129320332120230110095558.03-030-92589-7(MiAaPQ)EBC6953177(Au-PeEL)EBL6953177(CKB)21511108100041(PPN)262172585(EXLCZ)992151110810004120221122d2022 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierPolycystic ovary syndrome current and emerging concepts /edited by Lubna Pal, David B. Seifer2nd ed.Cham, Switzerland :Springer,[2022]©20221 online resource (580 pages)Print version: Pal, Lubna Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Cham : Springer International Publishing AG,c2022 9783030925888 Includes bibliographical references and index.Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- 1: Diagnostic Criteria and Epidemiology of PCOS -- Diagnostic Criteria for Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Regional and Ethnic Variation -- Summary -- References -- 2: Prevalence, Presentation, and Diagnosis of PCOS in Adolescents -- Introduction -- Prevalence of PCOS in Adolescence -- Diagnosis of PCOS in Adolescence -- NIH Criteria Applied to Adolescents -- Ovulatory Dysfunction -- Hyperandrogenism -- Pelvic Ultrasound Evaluation -- Comorbidities of PCOS -- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease -- Prediabetes and Diabetes -- Mood Disorder -- Summary -- References -- 3: Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Diagnosis of Exclusion -- Introduction -- Prevalence and Epidemiology of PCOS -- Diagnostic Criteria for PCOS (Clinical Manifestations, Laboratory, and Imaging) -- Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia -- Androgen-Secreting Tumors -- Cushing's Syndrome -- Exogenous Androgens -- Idiopathic Hyperandrogenism -- Abnormal Thyroid Functioning -- Hyperprolactinemia -- Functional Hypothalamic Amenorrhea (FHA) -- Hyperandrogenic Insulin Resistance with Acanthosis Nigricans (HAIR-AN) Syndrome -- Hyperreactio Luteinalis -- Summary -- References -- Part II: Pathophysiology, Endocrine, and Metabolic Milieus of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- 4: Recent Advances in the Genetics of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- The Heritable Basis of PCOS -- Candidate Gene Approaches Revealed an Incomplete Understanding of PCOS Biology -- GWAS Studies in PCOS -- Polygenic Risk Scores for Disease Risk Prediction in PCOS -- Mendelian Randomization Using GWAS Signals -- Identifying Causal Genes at PCOS Risk Loci -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- 5: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis in PCOS -- Introduction.Normal Female Reproduction -- Neuroendocrine Function -- Gonadal Feedback on the Neuroendocrine System -- Neuroendocrine Abnormalities in PCOS -- Hypersecretion of LH -- Relative FSH Deficiency -- Importance of the Abnormal Gonadotropin Environment in PCOS -- The Role of Obesity in Gonadotropin Secretion in PCOS -- Summary -- Mechanisms Underlying Neuroendocrine Dysfunction in PCOS -- Dysfunctional Control of GnRH Neuronal Secretion -- Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B and Dynorphin (KNDy) and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acidergic (GABAergic) Neurons -- Hyperandrogenemia -- Hyperinsulinemia -- Progesterone Negative Feedback in PCOS: The Effects of Androgens and Insulin -- Anti-Müllerian Hormone (AMH) -- Leptin and Ghrelin -- Summary -- Dysfunctional Control of Pituitary Secretion of LH and FSH -- GnRH Pulse Frequency -- Estrogens and Androgens -- Insulin -- Potential Mediators Underlying the Inhibitory Effect of BMI on LH Secretion -- Summary -- Genetic Evidence of the Complex Pathophysiology of PCOS -- Conclusions -- References -- 6: Ovarian Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) -- Introduction -- Development of the Polycystic Ovary -- At Which Stage Do Follicle Numbers Increase? -- What Might Be Causing These Changes? -- Role of Androgens -- Role of TGFβ Family Members -- Theca and Granulosa Cell Dysfunction in PCOS -- Anovulation -- Ovulatory Versus Anovulatory PCO -- Role of Gonadotrophins -- Insulin Resistance -- Anti-Müllerian Hormone -- Role of Glucocorticoids -- Energy Balance -- Oocyte of PCO -- Summary -- References -- 7: The Role of the Adrenal Glands in the Hyperandrogenism Associated with the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome -- Adrenal Androgens and PCOS -- The Role of the Adrenal in Childhood and Subsequent Development of PCOS -- Adults with PCOS and the Role of Adrenal Androgens.Adrenal Androgens in Perimenopausal and Postmenopausal Women with PCOS -- Conclusion -- References -- 8: Insulin Resistance and Lipotoxicity in PCOS: Causes and Consequences -- Introduction -- Reminders Concerning Insulin Resistance -- Definitions of Insulin Resistance -- Evolution of Insulin Resistance Knowledge in PCOS -- Insulin and Hyperandrogenemia in PCOS -- In Vivo Observations -- In Vitro Observations -- Insulin Signaling in Physiological Conditions -- Metabolic Pathway Anomalies -- Mitogenic Pathway Anomalies -- Lipotoxicity in PCOS -- Evidence of Lipid Metabolism Dysfunction in PCOS -- Adipose Tissue Depot in Women with PCOS -- Impact of Lipotoxicity on Androgenesis -- Directs and Indirect Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Androgenesis -- Summary -- References -- 9: Obesity, Dysmetabolic and Proinflammatory Milieu of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- Introduction -- Definition of Obesity and Body Fat Distribution -- Prevalence of Obesity -- Adipose Tissue Anatomy -- Adipose Tissue Metabolism -- Dietary Fat Absorption -- Energy Storage and Utilization -- Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine and Immunological Organ -- Steroid Hormone Peripheral Conversion: Role of Adipose Tissue -- Adipokine Function -- Development of Obesity -- Medical Disorders Associated with Obesity -- Metabolic Dysfunction in PCOS: Prevalence, Pattern, and Health Risks -- Impact of Metabolic Dysfunction on Ovarian Dysfunction in PCOS -- Impact of Obesity on PCOS -- Perpetuation of Signs and Symptoms of the Disorder -- PCOS with Superimposed Obesity -- Obesity-Induced PCOS -- Perpetuation of Medical Risks of Metabolic Dysfunction in PCOS -- Metabolic Inflammation in PCOS -- Obesity-Related Inflammation -- Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation in PCOS -- Nutrient-Induced Inflammation in PCOS -- Upregulation of the NFκB Inflammation Pathway.Upregulation of Atherothrombotic Inflammation Pathways -- Link to β-Cell Dysfunction -- Proinflammatory Impact of Excess Abdominal Fat -- Link Between Inflammation and Hyperandrogenism -- Hyperandrogenism as an Inducer of Inflammation -- Hyperandrogenism as a Suppressor of Inflammation when Obesity Is Present -- No Effect of Hyperandrogenism on Inflammation when Obesity Is Absent -- Inflammation as an Inducer of Hyperandrogenism -- Summary -- References -- Part III: Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome -- 10: Managing PCOS in the Adolescent -- Patient-Centered Approach to Treatment -- Hormonal Contraceptive Approach -- Metformin -- Combining COCPs and Metformin -- Anti-androgens -- Lifestyle -- Additional Therapies -- Summary -- References -- 11: Managing the PCOS-Related Symptoms of Hirsutism, Acne, and Female Pattern Hair Loss -- Introduction -- Clinical Hyperandrogenism -- Hirsutism -- Evaluation of Hirsutism -- History -- Physical Exam -- Biochemical Evaluation of Androgen Excess -- Treatment of Hirsutism -- Pharmacotherapy for Managing Hirsutism -- Systemic Treatments for Hirsutism -- Combined Hormonal Contraceptives -- Antiandrogens -- GnRH Analogues -- Glucocorticoids -- Insulin-Sensitizing Agents -- Topical Treatment for Hirsutism -- Eflornithine Hydrochloride -- Cosmetic Strategies for Managing Hirsutism -- Temporary Measures -- Permanent Measures -- Acne -- Evaluation of Acne -- Acne Treatments -- Systemic Treatments for Acne -- Combined Hormonal Contraceptives -- Oral Antibiotics -- Retinoids -- Antiandrogens -- Topical Treatments for Acne -- Cosmetic Strategies for Managing Acne -- Female Pattern Hair Loss -- Evaluation of Hair Loss -- Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss -- Systemic Treatments for Female Pattern Hair Loss -- Oral Antiandrogens -- Topical Treatment for Female Pattern Hair Loss.Cosmetic Strategies for Managing Hair Loss -- References -- 12: Role of Insulin-Sensitizing Drugs in PCOS Management -- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Insulin Resistance -- Insulin-Sensitizing Drugs: Background -- Clinical Use of ISDs in PCOS Management -- Summary and Implications for Practice -- References -- 13: Role of Statins and Resveratrol in PCOS Management -- Introduction -- Statins -- Mechanisms of Action of Statins -- In Vitro Studies of Statins -- Clinical Studies of Statins -- Limitations of the Use of Statins -- Statins - Future Directions -- Resveratrol -- Mechanism of Action of Resveratrol -- In Vitro Studies of Resveratrol -- In Vivo and Clinical Studies of Resveratrol -- Limitations of the Use of Resveratrol -- Resveratrol - Future Directions -- Conclusions -- References -- 14: Role of Lifestyle, Diet, and Exercise in the Management of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome -- Introduction -- Why Diet Makes a Difference in Women with PCOS -- Dietary Carbohydrates -- Glycemic Index of Foods -- Limitations of Using the Glycemic Index for PCOS Patients -- Guidelines for Dietary Carbohydrate -- Fruits and PCOS -- Vegetables and PCOS -- Dietary Fiber and PCOS -- Recommendations for Fiber and PCOS -- Protein -- Lipid Abnormalities in PCOS and Relevance of Dietary Fat -- Dietary Fat and PCOS -- Dietary Calcium -- Vitamin D and PCOS -- Dietary Sodium and PCOS -- Defining Obesity, Overweight, and Normal Body Weight -- Caloric Needs and PCOS -- Behavior Modification in PCOS Management -- Snacking and Optimal Meal Patterns -- Importance of Exercise for PCOS Management -- Putting It All Together -- Sample Menu Plans for PCOS -- Exercise Recommendations -- Summary -- References -- Part IV: Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Related Infertility -- 15: Managing PCOS-Related Infertility: Ovulation Induction, In Vitro Fertilization, and In Vitro Maturation.Introduction.Polycystic ovary syndromePolycystic ovary syndrome.618.11Pal LubnaSeifer David B.1955-MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910561293203321Polycystic Ovary Syndrome1522534UNINA