00919nam0 2200241 450 00001871920081103154937.020081103d1952----km-y0itay50------baitaITy-------001yyDei diritti dell uomotesti raccolti dall'Unesco, United nations educational scientific and cultural organisationintroduzione di Jacques Maritaintraduzione di Carla Di ScipioMilanoEdizioni di comunità1952p. 40223 cmAutour de la nouvelle declaration universelle des droits de l'homme<in italiano>5550832319Maritain,JacquesDi Scipio,CarlaITUNIPARTHENOPE20081103RICAUNIMARC000018719323/10012561NAVA1Autour de la nouvelle declaration universelle des droits de l'homme55508UNIPARTHENOPE10486nam 2200481 450 991055524460332120220819171256.01-119-75206-X1-119-75224-81-119-75221-3(MiAaPQ)EBC6817988(Au-PeEL)EBL6817988(CKB)19935016500041(EXLCZ)991993501650004120220819d2022 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierNon-halogenated flame retardant handbook /Alexander B. MorganSecond edition.Hoboken, New Jersey ;Beverly, Massachusetts :John Wiley & Sons, Inc. :Scrivener Publishing LLC,[2022]©20221 online resource (608 pages)Print version: Morgan, Alexander B. Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook Newark : John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,c2021 9781119750567 Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Regulations and Other Developments/ Trends/Initiatives Driving Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Use -- 1.1 Regulatory History of Halogenated vs. Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants -- 1.2 Regulations of Fire Safety and Flame Retardant Chemicals -- 1.3 Current Regulations -- 1.3.1 International - United Nations -- 1.3.2 United States (Federal vs. State) -- 1.3.3 Canada -- 1.3.4 European Union -- 1.3.5 Asia -- 1.3.6 China -- 1.3.7 Japan -- 1.3.8 Korea -- 1.3.9 Australia -- 1.4 Fire Safety and Non-Fire Safety Issues Requiring Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants -- 1.5 Regulatory Outlook and Future Market Drivers -- References -- 2 Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Main Classes of Phosphorus-Based Flame Retardants -- 2.3 Red Phosphorus -- 2.4 Ammonium and Amine Phosphates -- 2.5 Metal Hypophosphites, Phosphites and Dialkyl Phosphinates -- 2.6 Aliphatic Phosphates and Phosphonates -- 2.7 Aromatic Phosphates and Phosphonates -- 2.8 Aromatic Phosphinates -- 2.9 Phosphine Oxides -- 2.10 Phosphazenes -- 2.11 Environmental Fate and Exposure to Organophosphorus FRs -- 2.12 Conclusions and Further Trends -- References -- 3 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Industrial Importance of Mineral Flame Retardants -- 3.2.1 Market Share of Mineral FRs -- 3.2.2 Synthetic Mineral FRs within the Industrial Chemical Process Chain -- 3.2.3 Natural Mineral FRs -- 3.3 Overview of Mineral Filler FRs -- 3.3.1 Mineral Filler Flame Retardants by Chemistry -- 3.3.2 Classification by Production Process -- 3.3.2.1 Crushing and Grinding -- 3.3.2.2 Air Classification -- 3.3.2.3 Precipitation and Their Synthetic Processes -- 3.3.2.4 Surface Treatment -- 3.3.3 Physical Characterisation of Mineral FRs.3.3.3.1 Particle Shape/Morphology/Aspect Ratio -- 3.3.3.2 Particle Size Distribution -- 3.3.3.3 Sieve Residue -- 3.3.3.4 BET Surface Area -- 3.3.3.5 Oil Absorption -- 3.3.3.6 pH-Value/Specific Conductivity -- 3.3.3.7 Bulk Density and Powder Flowability -- 3.3.3.8 Thermal Stability/Loss on Ignition/Endothermic Heat -- 3.3.4 General Impact of Mineral FRs on Polymer Material Properties -- 3.3.4.1 Optical Properties -- 3.3.4.2 Mechanical Properties -- 3.3.4.3 Water Uptake and Chemical Resistance -- 3.3.4.4 Thermal Properties -- 3.3.4.5 Electrical Properties -- 3.3.4.6 Rheological Properties -- 3.4 Working Principle of Hydrated Mineral Flame Retardants -- 3.4.1 Filler Loading, Flammability and Flame Propagation -- 3.4.2 Smoke Suppression -- 3.4.3 Heat Release -- 3.5 Thermoplastic and Elastomeric Applications -- 3.5.1 Compounding Technology -- 3.5.2 Compound Formulation Principals -- 3.5.3 Wire &amp -- Cable -- 3.5.4 Other Construction Products -- 3.5.5 Special Applications -- 3.5.6 Engineering Plastics for E&amp -- E Applications -- 3.6 Reactive Resins/Thermoset Applications -- 3.6.1 Production Processes for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite -- 3.6.1.1 Paste Production -- 3.6.1.2 Hand Lamination/Hand-Lay-Up -- 3.6.1.3 SMC and BMC -- 3.6.1.4 Pultrusion -- 3.6.1.5 RTM/RIM -- 3.6.2 Formulation Principles -- 3.6.3 Public Transport Applications of GFRP -- 3.6.4 E&amp -- E Applications -- 3.6.5 Construction and Industrial Applications -- 3.7 Conclusion, Trends and Challenges -- References -- 4 Intumescence-Based Flame Retardant -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Fundamentals of Intumescence -- 4.3 Intumescence on the Market -- 4.4 Reaction to Fire of Intumescent Materials -- 4.5 Resistance to Fire of Intumescent Materials -- 4.6 Conclusion and Future Trends -- References -- 5 Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants -- 5.1 Introduction.5.2 Main Types of Nitrogen-Based Flame Retardants -- 5.3 Ammonia-Based Flame Retardants -- 5.3.1 Ammonium Polyphosphate -- 5.3.2 Other Ammonia Salts -- 5.4 Melamine-Based Flame Retardants -- 5.4.1 Melamine as Flame Retardant -- 5.4.2 Melamine Salts -- 5.4.3 Melamine Cyanurate -- 5.4.4 Melamine Polyphosphate -- 5.4.5 Melamine Condensates and Its Salts -- 5.5 Nitrogen-Based Radical Generators -- 5.6 Phosphazenes, Phospham and Phosphoroxynitride -- 5.7 Cyanuric-Acid Based Flame Retardants -- 5.8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 6 Silicon-Based Flame Retardants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basics of Silicon Chemistry -- 6.3 Industrial Applications of Silicones -- 6.4 Silicon-Based Materials as Flame Retardant Materials -- 6.4.1 Inorganic Silicon-Based Flame Retardants -- 6.4.1.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) (Silica) -- 6.4.1.2 Wollastonite -- 6.4.1.3 Magadiite -- 6.4.1.4 Sepiolite -- 6.4.1.5 Kaolin -- 6.4.1.6 Mica -- 6.4.1.7 Talc -- 6.4.1.8 Halloysite -- 6.4.1.9 Layered Silicate Nanocomposites -- 6.4.1.10 Sodium Silicate -- 6.4.1.11 Silsesquioxane -- 6.4.2 Organic Silicone-Based Flame Retardants -- 6.4.2.1 Polyorganosiloxanes -- 6.4.2.2 Silanes -- 6.4.3 Other Silicone-Based Flame Retardants -- 6.4.4 Silicone/Silica Protective Coatings -- 6.5 Mode of Actions of Silicone-Based Flame Retardants and Practical Use Considerations -- 6.5.1 Silicon Dioxide -- 6.5.2 Silicate-Based Minerals -- 6.5.3 Silicones -- 6.6 Future Trends in Silicon-Based Flame Retardants -- 6.7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 7 Boron-Based Flame Retardants in Non-Halogen Based Polymers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Major Functions of Borates in Flame Retardancy -- 7.3 Major Commercial Boron-Based Flame Retardants and Their Applications -- 7.4 Properties and Applications of Boron-Base Flame Retardants -- 7.4.1 Boric Acid [B2O3·3H2O/B(OH)3], Boric Oxide (B2O3).7.4.2 Alkaline Metal Borate -- 7.4.2.1 Borax Pentahydrate (Na2O·2B2O3·5H2O), Borax Decahydrate (Na2O·2B2O3·10H2O) -- 7.4.2.2 Disodium Octaborate Tetrahydrate (Na2O·4B2O3·4H2O) -- 7.4.3 Alkaline-Earth Metal Borate -- 7.4.3.1 Calcium Borates (xCaO·yB2O3·zH2O) -- 7.4.3.2 Magnesium Borate (xMgO·yB2O3·zH2O) -- 7.4.4 Transition Metal Borates -- 7.4.4.1.1 Firebrake ZB (2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O) and Firebrake 500 (2ZnO·3B2O3) -- 7.4.4.1.2 Miscellaneous Metal Borates -- 7.4.6 Phosphorus-Containing Borates -- 7.4.6.1 Boron Phosphate (BPO4) -- 7.4.6.2 Metal Borophosphate -- 7.4.7 Silicon-Containing Borates -- 7.4.7.1 Borosilicate Glass and Frits -- 7.4.8 Carbon-Containing Boron or Borates -- 7.4.8.1 Graphene (Boron-Doped) -- 7.4.8.2 Boric Acid Esters [B(OR)3] -- 7.4.8.3 Boronic Acid [ArB(OH)2] -- 7.4.8.4 Boron Carbide (B4C) -- 7.5 Mode of Actions of Boron-Based Flame Retardants -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Non-Halogenated Conformal Flame Retardant Coatings -- List of Acronyms -- 8.1 Introduction to Conformal Coatings: The Role of Surface During Combustion -- 8.2 Fabrics -- 8.2.1 Natural Fabrics -- 8.2.2 Synthetic Fabrics and Blends -- 8.2.3 Process Equipment and Related Patents -- 8.3 Porous Materials -- 8.3.1 Open Cell PU Foams -- 8.3.2 Other Porous Substrates -- 8.3.3 Process Equipment and Related Patents -- 8.4 Other Substrates -- 8.5 Future Trends and Needs -- References -- 9 Multicomponent Flame Retardants -- 9.1 The Need for Multicomponent Flame Retardants -- 9.2 Concepts -- 9.3 Combination with Fillers -- 9.4 Adjuvants -- 9.5 Synergists -- 9.6 Combinations of Different Flame Retardants -- 9.7 Combinations of Different Flame-Retardant Groups in One Flame Retardant -- 9.8 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Other Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants and Future Fire Protection Concepts &amp -- Needs -- 10.1 The Periodic Table of Flame Retardants.10.2 Transition Metal Flame Retardants -- 10.2.1 Vapor Phase Transition Metal Flame Retardants -- 10.2.2 Condensed Phase Transition Metal Flame Retardants -- 10.2.2.1 Metal Oxides -- 10.2.2.2 Metal Complexes -- 10.3 Sulfur-Based Flame Retardants -- 10.4 Carbon-Based Flame Retardants -- 10.4.1 Cross-Linking Compounds - Alkynes, Deoxybenzoin, Friedel-Crafts, Nitriles, Anhydrides -- 10.4.1.1 Alkynes -- 10.4.1.2 Deoxybenzoin -- 10.4.1.3 Friedel-Crafts -- 10.4.1.4 Nitriles -- 10.4.1.5 Anhydrides -- 10.4.2 Organic Carbonates -- 10.4.3 Graft Copolymerization -- 10.4.4 Expandable Graphite -- 10.5 Bio-Based Materials -- 10.6 Tin-Based Flame Retardants -- 10.6.1 Introduction -- 10.6.2 Zinc Stannates -- 10.6.3 Halogen-Free Applications -- 10.6.3.1 Polyolefins -- 10.6.3.2 Styrenics -- 10.6.3.3 Engineering Plastics -- 10.6.3.4 Thermosetting Resins -- 10.6.3.5 Elastomers -- 10.6.3.6 Paints and Coatings -- 10.6.3.7 Textiles -- 10.6.4 Novel Tin Additives -- 10.6.4.1 Coated Fillers -- 10.6.4.2 Tin-Modified Nanoclays -- 10.6.4.3 Mechanism of Action -- 10.6.4.4 Summary -- 10.7 Polymer Nanocomposites -- 10.8 Engineering Non-Hal FR Solutions -- 10.8.1 Barrier Fabrics -- 10.8.2 Coatings -- 10.8.2.1 Inorganic Coatings -- 10.8.2.2 IR Reflective Coatings -- 10.8.2.3 Nanoparticle Coatings -- 10.8.2.4 Conformal/Integrated Coatings -- 10.9 Future Directions -- 10.9.1 Polymeric Flame Retardants and Reactive Flame Retardants -- 10.9.2 End of Life Considerations For Flame Retardants -- 10.9.3 New and Growing Fire Risk Scenarios -- 10.9.4 Experimental Methodology for Flame Retardant Screening -- References -- Index -- EULA.Fireproofing agentsElectronic books.Fireproofing agents.628.9223Morgan Alexander B.986793MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910555244603321Non-Halogenated Flame Retardant Handbook2817167UNINA