02472nlm0 22006731i 450 9900092572404033219783540876083000925724FED01000925724(Aleph)000925724FED0100092572420100926d2008----km-y0itay50------baengDEdrnn-008mamaaComputers and GamesRisorsa elettronica6th International Conference, CG 2008, Beijing, China, September 29 - October 1, 2008. Proceedingsedited by David Hutchison, Takeo Kanade, Josef Kittler, Jon M. Kleinberg, Friedemann Mattern, John C. Mitchell, Moni Naor, Oscar Nierstrasz, C. Pandu Rangan, Bernhard Steffen, Madhu Sudan, Demetri Terzopoulos, Doug Tygar, Moshe Y. Vardi, Gerhard Weikum, H. Jaap Herik, Xinhe Xu, Zongmin Ma, Mark H. M. WinandsBerlin ; HeidelbergSpringer2008Lecture Notes in Computer Science0302-97435131Documento elettronicoTestoFormato html, pdfHerik,H. JaapHutchison,DavidKanade,TakeoKittler,JosefKleinberg,Jon M.Ma,ZongminMattern,FriedemannMitchell,John C.Naor,MoniNierstrasz,OscarPandu Rangan,C.Steffen,BernhardSudan,MadhuTerzopoulos,DemetriTygar,DougVardi,Moshe Y.Weikum,GerhardWinands,Mark H. M.Xu,XinheITUNINAREICATUNIMARCFull text per gli utenti Federico IIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-87608-3EB990009257240403321Algorithm Analysis and Problem ComplexityArtificial intelligenceArtificial Intelligence (incl. Robotics)Computational complexityComputer scienceComputer ScienceComputer softwareData StructuresData structures (Computer science)Discrete Mathematics in Computer ScienceElectronic data processingNumeric ComputingProbability and Statistics in Computer ScienceComputers and Games772747UNINA10812nam 2200541 450 991055483060332120220322083143.03-527-82497-93-527-82496-03-527-82498-7(CKB)4100000010871107(MiAaPQ)EBC6659006(Au-PeEL)EBL6659006(OCoLC)1260345671(EXLCZ)99410000001087110720220322d2020 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierNanofiltration principles, applications, and new materials /edited by Andrea Iris Schäfer, Anthony G. Fane2nd ed.Hoboken, New Jersey :John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated,[2020]©20201 online resource (1242 pages)Includes index.3-527-34690-2 Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword (Second Edition, 2020) -- Foreword (First Edition, 2005) -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Introduction -- Part I Principles -- Chapter 1 History of Nanofiltration Membranes from 1960 to 1990 -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Introduction -- 1.3 First‐Generation NF Membranes -- 1.3.1 Cellulose Acetate Asymmetric Membranes -- 1.3.2 Deficiencies in Cellulosic Membranes -- 1.3.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes -- 1.3.4 Polyamide Membranes -- 1.3.5 Polysulfones and Other Polymer Membranes -- 1.4 Early Studies of Charged Reverse Osmosis (Hyperfiltration) Membranes -- 1.4.1 Dynamic Membranes -- 1.4.2 Polyelectrolyte Membranes -- 1.5 Early Models of NF Selectivity -- 1.6 Negative Salt Rejection -- 1.6.1 Solutions of One Electrolyte -- 1.6.2 Separation by Negative Salt Rejection -- 1.7 Early Development of Industrial NF: Ionic Modification of Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate -- 1.8 Early NF Composites -- 1.8.1 General -- 1.8.2 Plasma Polymerization -- 1.8.3 Graft Polymerization -- 1.9 NF Composites of the 1980s -- 1.9.1 Piperazineamide Membranes -- 1.9.2 Other NF Interfacially Produced Composites -- 1.9.3 Modification of RO Membrane Composites to Bring Them into the NF Range -- 1.10 Composites Produced by Noninterfacial Cross‐linking -- 1.10.1 Polyvinyl Alcohol Composites -- 1.10.2 Sulfonated Engineering Plastics as Selective Barriers -- 1.10.3 Polyethyleneimine -- 1.11 Chemically Stable NF Membranes -- 1.11.1 Chemically Stable Polymeric Asymmetric Membranes -- 1.11.2 Oxidant and pH‐Stable Composite Membranes -- 1.11.3 Solvent‐Stable NF Composites -- 1.11.4 Chemically Stable Inorganic NF and Polymeric/Inorganic Hybrids -- 1.12 Conclusions -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 2 Nanofiltration Membrane Materials and Preparation -- 2.1 General Introduction -- 2.2 Phase Inversion -- 2.2.1 Introduction.2.2.2 Basic Principles -- 2.2.3 Polymer Type -- 2.2.4 Casting Solution -- 2.2.4.1 Polymer Concentration -- 2.2.4.2 Addition of Volatile Cosolvents -- 2.2.4.3 Addition of Nonsolvents -- 2.2.4.4 Addition of Other Additives -- 2.2.5 Postcasting Evaporation -- 2.2.6 Coagulation Bath -- 2.2.7 Post‐treatment -- 2.2.7.1 Annealing -- 2.2.7.2 Cross‐linking -- 2.2.7.3 Drying -- 2.3 Interfacial Polymerization -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Support Materials -- 2.3.3 Monomers -- 2.3.3.1 Amines -- 2.3.3.2 Acyl Chlorides -- 2.3.3.3 Other Polymer Types -- 2.3.4 Monomer Concentrations and Reaction Time -- 2.3.5 Solvent -- 2.3.6 Additives -- 2.3.7 New Approaches -- 2.3.8 Post‐treatment -- 2.4 Coating -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Examples -- 2.5 Surface Modification -- 2.5.1 Introduction -- 2.5.2 Plasma Treatment -- 2.5.3 Organic Reactions -- 2.5.3.1 Covalent Linking of Monomers -- 2.5.3.2 Sulfonation -- 2.5.3.3 Nitration -- 2.5.4 Polymer Grafting -- 2.5.5 Photochemical Modification -- 2.6 Ceramic Membranes -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.2 General Synthesis Procedure -- 2.6.2.1 Sol -- 2.6.2.2 Coating -- 2.6.2.3 Gel -- 2.6.2.4 Sintering -- 2.6.3 Membrane Types -- 2.6.3.1 Titania -- 2.6.3.2 Zirconia -- 2.6.3.3 Alumina -- 2.6.3.4 Silica -- 2.6.3.5 Mixed Oxides -- 2.6.3.6 Organic Doped Ceramic Membranes -- 2.6.4 Supports -- 2.6.5 Surface Modification -- 2.7 Hollow Fiber Preparation -- 2.7.1 Introduction -- 2.7.2 General Synthesis Procedure -- 2.7.3 Composite Hollow Fiber Membranes -- 2.8 Commercial and Novel (SR)NF Membranes -- 2.8.1 Commercial (SR)NF Membranes -- 2.8.2 Novel (SR)NF Membranes -- 2.9 Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 3 Nanofiltration Module Design and Operation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Role of the Module -- 3.1.2 Concentration Polarization and Cross‐Flow -- 3.1.3 Fouling -- 3.2 Module Types and Characteristics.3.2.1 Plate and Frame -- 3.2.2 Spiral Wound -- 3.2.3 Tubular -- 3.2.4 Hollow Fiber and Capillary -- 3.2.5 Others -- 3.2.5.1 Submerged Membranes -- 3.2.5.2 High Shear Devices -- 3.2.5.3 Laboratory Modules -- 3.2.6 Module Characteristics -- 3.3 Spiral Wound Module (SWM) - Design Features -- 3.3.1 Feed Channel Spacers -- 3.3.2 Modeling and Optimization -- 3.4 Strategies to Improve Control of Concentration Polarization -- 3.4.1 Process Limitation by Concentration Polarization -- 3.4.2 High Shear - Vibrating the Membrane -- 3.4.3 High Shear - Rotor/Stator Modules -- 3.4.4 Two‐Phase Flow -- 3.4.5 Unsteady Shear Comparison -- 3.5 System Design and Operation -- 3.5.1 System Configurations -- 3.5.2 Diafiltration -- 3.5.3 Reflux‐Recycle Cascade (Combining RO and NF) -- 3.5.4 Batch Operation - Energy Saving (Closed Circuit) -- 3.6 Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- Subscripts -- Greek Symbols -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 4 Nanofiltration Membrane Characterization -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structural Characteristics -- 4.2.1 Microscopy -- 4.2.2 Pore Size -- 4.2.2.1 Solvent Permeation and Rejection of Probe Solutes -- 4.2.2.2 Spectroscopic and Scattering Methods -- 4.2.3 Thickness and Morphology of the Active Layer -- 4.2.4 Surface Characteristics -- 4.2.4.1 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 4.2.4.2 Contact Angle -- 4.2.5 Membrane Swelling and Solvent Uptake -- 4.2.6 Chemical Structure -- 4.2.6.1 Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) -- 4.2.6.2 X‐ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 4.2.6.3 Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy (RBS) -- 4.2.7 Mechanical Properties -- 4.3 Charge Related Parameters -- 4.3.1 Electrokinetic Measurements -- 4.3.2 Titration and Ion Exchange -- 4.3.3 Membrane Potential -- 4.3.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy -- 4.4 Nanofiltration Membranes for Nonaqueous Systems.4.5 Conclusions -- Nomenclature -- Greek Symbols -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 5 Modeling Nanofiltration of Electrolyte Solutions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Basic Equations and Concepts -- 5.2.1 Derivation of Equations -- 5.2.1.1 Single Salts -- 5.2.1.2 Trace Ions -- 5.2.2 Solution of Transport Equations for Macroscopically Homogeneous Membranes: Single Salts and Trace Ions -- 5.2.2.1 Spiegler-Kedem Approximation -- 5.2.2.2 Trace Ions -- 5.2.3 Specification of Phenomenological Coefficients Within the Scope of a Model of Straight, Narrow Capillaries -- 5.3 Nanopore Models of NF -- 5.3.1 Steric Exclusion and Hindrance -- 5.3.2 Local Equilibrium Partitioning Mechanisms -- 5.3.2.1 Donnan Exclusion -- 5.3.2.2 Superposition of Donnan Exclusion and Steric Hindrance/Exclusion -- 5.3.2.3 Dielectric Exclusion -- 5.4 Solution‐Diffusion‐Electromigration Models of Nanofiltration -- 5.4.1 An Analytical Solution to Transport of Three Ions with Different Charges -- 5.4.2 Determining Single‐Ion Permeances Using NF with Trace Ions -- 5.4.3 "Under‐Osmotic" Operation -- 5.4.4 Deviations from Local Electrical Neutrality in Ultrathin Barrier Layers -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Nomenclature -- Greek Symbols -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 6 Chemical Speciation Effects in Nanofiltration Separation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Chemical Speciation -- 6.2.1 Effect of Ionic Strength on Chemical Speciation -- 6.2.2 Effects of Temperature and Pressure on Chemical Speciation -- 6.3 Review of Effects of Solute Size, Charge, and Concentration on Rejection by NF Membranes -- 6.4 Solution Processes Influencing Speciation and Rejection -- 6.4.1 Acid-Base Transformations -- 6.4.2 Complexation -- 6.4.3 Precipitation -- 6.4.4 Oxidation-Reduction -- 6.4.5 Adsorption -- 6.5 Effect of Concentration Polarization on Speciation and Rejection.6.5.1 Exceedance of Solubility Product and Precipitation of Solids -- 6.5.2 Aggregation of Macromolecules and Precipitated Solids -- 6.5.3 Formation of Alternative Complexes and Multinuclear Species -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Nomenclature and Symbols -- Abbreviations -- References -- Chapter 7 Fouling in Nanofiltration -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fouling Characterization -- 7.2.1 Flux Measurement and Fouling Protocols -- 7.2.1.1 Membrane Compaction -- 7.2.1.2 Variation of Membrane Permeability with Solution Chemistry -- 7.2.1.3 Fouling Study Protocols -- 7.2.2 Normalization of Membrane Performance -- 7.2.3 Water Fouling Potential -- 7.2.3.1 Water Analysis -- 7.2.3.2 Silt Density Index (SDI) -- 7.2.3.3 Modified Fouling Index (MFI0.45) -- 7.2.3.4 Modified Fouling Index UF (MFI‐UF) -- 7.2.3.5 Biofilm Formation Rate (BFR) -- 7.2.4 Membrane Autopsy -- 7.3 Fouling Mechanisms -- 7.3.1 Concentration Polarization (CP) -- 7.3.2 Osmotic Pressure -- 7.3.3 Solute Adsorption -- 7.3.4 Gel Layer Formation -- 7.3.5 Cake Formation and Pore Blocking -- 7.3.6 Critical Flux and Operating Conditions -- 7.3.7 Additional Fouling Mechanisms -- 7.4 Organic Fouling -- 7.4.1 Introduction and Definition of Organic Fouling -- 7.4.2 Common Organic Foulants -- 7.4.3 Adsorption of Organic Matter -- 7.4.4 Gel Layer Formation -- 7.4.5 Cake Formation -- 7.4.6 Pore Blocking/Plugging -- 7.4.7 Impact of Solute-Solute Interactions and Salts -- 7.4.8 Impact of Fouling on Retention -- 7.5 Scaling -- 7.5.1 Introduction and Definition of Scaling -- 7.5.2 Solubility and Supersaturation of Salts -- 7.5.3 Common Scalants -- 7.5.3.1 Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4) Scale -- 7.5.3.2 Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Scale -- 7.5.3.3 Barium Sulfate (BaSO4) and Strontium Sulfate (SrSO4) Scale -- 7.5.3.4 Silica Scale -- 7.5.3.5 Calcium Phosphate Scale -- 7.5.4 Characterization of Scales.7.5.5 Mechanisms of Scale Formation.NanofiltrationElectronic books.Nanofiltration.660.284245Fane A. G.Schäfer AndreaWaite Thomas D.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910554830603321Nanofiltration1968930UNINA01785nam0 22003131i 450 UON0002309120231205102027.56720020107d1962 |0itac50 baitaIL|||| 1||||Grammatica della lingua accadicaAngelo LancellottiJerusalemFranciscan Press1962XVI, 194, 41 p.24 cm001UON000347882001 Analecta Hierosolymitana210 JerusalemFranciscan Press19 - v. ; cm1Lingua accadicaGrammaticheUONC004709FIILYĕrūshālayimUONL004472MES II BMESOPOTAMIA - LINGUISTICA - GRAMMATICHEALANCELLOTTIAngeloUONV022565642429Franciscan Printing PressUONV254623650ITSOL20250502RICAUON00023091SIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOSI CONS MES II B 001 SI SA 2412 5 001 SIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOSI CONS MES II B 001 SI SA 5123 5 001 SIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOSI CONS MES II B 001 SI SA 25747 7 001 SIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOSI CONS MES II B 001 SI SA 29859 5 001 SIBA - SISTEMA BIBLIOTECARIO DI ATENEOSI MES II B 002 SI SA 25744 7 002 Grammatica della lingua accadica1199454UNIOR