03221nam 2200685 a 450 991045616620332120200520144314.01-282-42427-097866124242740-299-22683-2(CKB)2520000000006592(EBL)3444930(SSID)ssj0000344534(PQKBManifestationID)11272939(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000344534(PQKBWorkID)10313511(PQKB)11671021(MiAaPQ)EBC3444930(OCoLC)832462392(MdBmJHUP)muse12288(Au-PeEL)EBL3444930(CaPaEBR)ebr10351487(CaONFJC)MIL242427(OCoLC)560696763(EXLCZ)99252000000000659220071010d2008 ub 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrWith honor[electronic resource] Melvin Laird in war, peace, and politics /Dale Van Atta ; foreword by Gerald R. FordMadison, Wis. University of Wisconsin Pressc20081 online resource (660 p.)"An abridged edition [of The Laird legacy], entitled With honor : Melvin Laird in war, peace and politics (ISBN 978-0-299-22680-0 [i.e. 978-0-299-226808]), is published by the University of Wisconsin"--The Laird legacy, t.p. verso.0-299-22680-8 Includes bibliographical references (p. 603-614) and index.""Contents""; ""Foreword by Gerald R. Ford""; ""Acknowledgment""; ""Prologue""; ""1. The Man from Marshfield""; ""2. Guns and Butter""; ""3. A House Divided""; ""4. Laird Also Rises""; ""5. Cloud Riders""; ""6. Into the Quagmire""; ""7. Fight Now, Pay Later""; ""8. The Resurrection of Richard Nixon""; ""9. Looking for an Exit""; ""10. Off the Menu""; ""11. Going Public""; ""12. Dueling Machiavellis""; ""13. Ending the Draft""; ""14. Objections Overruled""; ""15. Black September""; ""16. Friends in High Places""; ""17. "Management by Walking Around"""; ""18. Minority Report""""19. The Secret War""""20. The Hawks Have Flown""; ""21. Withdrawal Symptoms""; ""22. Easter Offensive""; ""23. No Time for Quitters""; ""24. Watergate""; ""25. Picking a President""; ""26. Kitchen Cabinet""; ""27. A Second Career""; ""28. War and Peace and War""; ""29. Another Vietnam?""; ""Epilogue""; ""Notes""; ""Bibliography""; ""Index""Cabinet officersUnited StatesBiographyVietnam War, 1961-1975United StatesLegislatorsUnited StatesBiographyLegislatorsWisconsinBiographyUnited StatesPolitics and government1963-1969United StatesPolitics and government1969-1974Electronic books.Cabinet officersVietnam War, 1961-1975LegislatorsLegislators355.6092BVan Atta Dale874967MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910456166203321With honor1953319UNINA07009nam 2200457 450 991049518300332120230629220704.03-030-77189-X(CKB)4100000011996120(MiAaPQ)EBC6695868(Au-PeEL)EBL6695868(EXLCZ)99410000001199612020220423d2021 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierMerchants, market, and monarchy economic thought and history in early modern China /Tengda HuaCham, Switzerland :Palgrave Macmillan,[2021]©20211 online resource (309 pages)Palgrave Studies in the History of Economic Thought Series3-030-77188-1 Intro -- Foreword -- I. -- II. -- III. -- IV. -- V. -- References -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- About the Author -- List of Figures -- Major Chronological Period -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Merchants in Early Modern China -- 1.1.1 Merchants: Status and Role -- 1.1.2 Market: Domestic and Foreign -- 1.1.3 Monarchy: Early Modern China -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Hermeneutical Approach: Combining Thought with History -- 1.2.2 Contextualisation: Major Schools of Economic Thought in Early Modern China -- 1.2.3 Comparison and Reconstruction: Attempt on Chinese Economic Thought -- 1.3 Structure of the Book -- References -- 2 Institution: Designed System Faced by Ming Merchants -- 2.1 System Origin: Continuation and Change -- 2.1.1 Cultural Framework: Confucianism, Kinship, and Prefecture-County System -- 2.1.2 Institutional Arrangement: The Imperial Examination and Merchant Class -- 2.1.3 Fiscal Policy Design: State Monopoly -- 2.1.4 Public Goods: Roads and Posthouse -- 2.1.5 Market Control: Intention and Real Effect -- 2.2 Economic Thought Origin: Pro-Agriculture and Egalitarianism -- 2.2.1 Why Was Agriculture Emphasised in Ancient China? -- 2.2.2 A Firm Stance on Commerce -- 2.2.3 Thoughts on Egalitarianism -- References -- 3 Monopoly: Merchants and Monarchy -- 3.1 Against State-Run Commerce -- 3.1.1 Supply and Demand: Qiu Jun and His Complex Attitudes Towards Monopoly -- 3.1.2 Jiangyou School: Zhang Juzheng and His Economic Views -- 3.1.3 Thoughts of Traditional Confucians: Yu Shenxing and Gu Yanwu -- 3.2 Supporting State Monopoly -- 3.2.1 Lin Xiyuan: Dredging the Source from Merchants -- 3.2.2 Li Zhi: Following Sang Hongyang -- 3.2.3 Wang Fuzhi: The Role of Wealthy Merchants -- 3.2.4 Li Wen: Comments on Previous Financial Governors -- 3.3 State-Merchant Cooperation in the Salt Business.3.3.1 The Kaizhong Method and the Role of Merchants -- 3.3.2 Rent-Seeking: The Participation of Officials and the Private Salt Sale -- 3.3.3 Ye Qi: Salt Merchants' Representative -- 3.3.4 Han Wen: Maintaining the State-Run System -- 3.3.5 Li Wen: Design of Salt System Reform -- 3.3.6 Pang Shangpeng and Yuan Shizhen: States' Interest First -- 3.3.7 Other Scholars: Guiding Merchants -- 3.4 Short Summary -- References -- 4 Taxation: Levy on Merchants -- 4.1 Early Ming: Crackdown on Tax Evasion -- 4.1.1 Emperor Hongwu: Hostility Towards Wealthy Merchants -- 4.1.2 The Severe Punishment: Measures to Prevent Tax Evasion -- 4.2 Mid-Ming: The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes -- 4.2.1 Taxing Merchants: Reducing the Burden of Peasants -- 4.2.2 The Objections to Fixed-Quota Commercial Taxes -- 4.2.3 Increasingly Rampant Tax Evasion -- 4.3 Late Ming: Further Reduction of Commercial Tax -- 4.3.1 Critiques of Additional Commercial Taxes: State Interest -- 4.3.2 Donglin School: Personal Interest in Commercial Tax Reduction -- 4.3.3 Lü Kun: Blaming Imperial Shops -- 4.3.4 Wang Fuzhi: Duty Borne by Merchants Only -- References -- 5 International Trade: Merchants' Predicament and Opportunities -- 5.1 The Origin of Thoughts on Foreign Trade Before Ming -- 5.2 Trade Barriers: Supporting the Sea Ban -- 5.2.1 Ancestral Law Must Not Be Violated -- 5.2.2 Comparative Disadvantage: Little Supplement to State Revenue -- 5.2.3 Overseas Trade: Culprit of Pirate Harassment -- 5.2.4 Continentalist Orientation -- 5.3 Free Trade: Against the Sea Ban -- 5.3.1 The State and the Commoners: Sharing the Same Interests -- 5.3.2 Qiu Jun and He Qiaoyuan: First Attempts to Abolish Sea Ban -- 5.3.3 Pirates Became Merchants Once Trading Was Allowed -- 5.3.4 The Thoughts of Xu Guangqi -- 5.4 Limited Outlook on Foreign Trade: State Defender.5.5 The Maritime Merchants' Role and Status in Ming China -- 5.5.1 Merchants in Early Ming Foreign Trade: 1368-1500 -- 5.5.2 Merchants in Mid-Ming Foreign Trade: 1500-1567 -- 5.5.3 Merchants in Late Ming Foreign Trade: 1567-1644 -- References -- 6 Consumption: Two Pairs of Thought Involving Merchants -- 6.1 The Debates Over Righteousness and Profits -- 6.1.1 Qiu Jun and Thought Before His Age -- 6.1.2 Wang and His Yangming School -- 6.1.3 Combining Righteousness and Profit: Han, Li, and Gu -- 6.1.4 Human Nature and Profit-Seeking: Huang Zongxi and Gu Yanwu -- 6.1.5 Extension: Thoughts on Usury in Ming China -- 6.2 The Views on Thrift and Luxury -- 6.2.1 Equal Emphasis on Thrift and Luxury -- 6.2.2 The Thoughts Pro Luxury -- 6.2.3 The Thoughts Against Luxury -- 6.2.4 Fancy Dress: Merchants in the Apparel Regulations -- 6.2.5 Books and Arts: Merchants and Bibliophiles -- References -- 7 Ranking: Scholars, Merchants, Craftsmen, and Peasants -- 7.1 Merchants Relative to Scholars -- 7.1.1 New Theory of Four Occupational Groups: Cliché or Coinage -- 7.1.2 Yangming School and Donglin School: Overturning Illusion -- 7.1.3 The Prerequisite for the Recognition of Merchants -- 7.2 Merchants Relative to Peasants -- 7.2.1 Deep-Rooted Pro-Agriculture Predisposition -- 7.2.2 Equalizing Agriculture and Commerce -- 7.2.3 Talented Merchants, Dumb Farmers -- 7.2.4 Shifted Views on Wealth: Dampening the Peasant Class -- 7.3 Merchants Relative to Artisans -- 7.3.1 Admiration and Sorrow for the Craftsmen -- 7.3.2 Scholars' Contempt and Disdain of Artisans -- 7.3.3 Merchants and Craftsmen: Fellow Sufferers -- 7.4 Short Summary -- References -- 8 Conclusion -- 8.1 Merchants in Early Modern China: Evidence from Economic Thought and History -- 8.2 Final Remarks: Ming Merchants and 'The Great Divergence' -- References -- Bibliography -- Index.Palgrave studies in the history of economic thought series.MerchantsChinaHistoryTo 1500MerchantsChinaHistory16th centuryMerchantsHistoryMerchantsHistory380.10951Hua Tengda849230MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910495183003321Merchants, Market and Monarchy2084151UNINA