11089nam 2200565 450 991048300980332120211014082127.03-030-65588-1(CKB)4100000011801786(MiAaPQ)EBC6524348(Au-PeEL)EBL6524348(OCoLC)1243261489(PPN)254720692(EXLCZ)99410000001180178620211014d2021 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierThe politics of adoption /Kerry O'Halloran4th ed.Cham, Switzerland :Springer,[2021]©20211 online resource (xxxv, 1,045 pages) illustrationsIus gentium : Comparative perspectives on law and justice ;Volume 863-030-65587-3 Includes bibliographical references and index.Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Contents -- Part IAdoption, Society and the Law: The Common Law Context -- 1 Adoption: Concepts, Principles and Social Construct -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Definitional Matters and Related Concepts -- 1.2.1 Legal Definition -- 1.2.2 Concepts -- 1.3 Social Construct -- 1.3.1 Adoption and the Inheritance Motive -- 1.3.2 Adoption and the Kinship Motive -- 1.3.3 Adoption and the Allegiance Motive -- 1.3.4 Adoption and the 'Extra Pair of Hands' Motive -- 1.3.5 Adoption and the Welfare Motive -- 1.3.6 Adoption and the Childless Couple Motive -- 1.3.7 Adoption and the Social Conformity Motive -- 1.3.8 Adoption and the Right to an Identity Motive -- 1.4 Adoption in England: Historical Context -- 1.4.1 The Common Law: Parental Rights and Duties -- 1.4.2 The Poor Laws -- 1.4.3 Pressures for Change -- End of the Nineteenth Century -- 1.5 Adoption Legislation: Evolving Principles and Policy -- 1.5.1 The Adoption Act 1926 -- 1.5.2 The Adoption of Children (Regulation) Act 1939 -- 1.5.3 The Adoption Act 1949 -- 1.5.4 The Children Act 1975 -- 1.5.5 The Adoption Act 1976 -- 1.5.6 The Children Act 1989 -- 1.5.7 Adoption (Intercountry Aspects) Act 1999 -- 1.5.8 The Adoption and Children Act 2002 -- 1.6 Legal Context: Evolution of a Modern Statutory Process -- 1.6.1 The 'Contract' -- 1.6.2 The Parties -- 1.6.3 The Principles -- 1.6.4 Contract or Gift Relationship -- 1.7 Conclusion -- 2 The Changing Face of Adoption -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Modern Adoption Trends in the United Kingdom -- 2.2.1 From Traditional Model to Modern Variants -- 2.2.2 Causes of Change -- 2.2.3 Consequences for the Adoption Process -- 2.3 Family Adoption -- 2.3.1 Trends in Annual Orders -- 2.3.2 Adoption by Birth Parent and Spouse -- 2.3.3 Adoption by Grandparent -- 2.3.4 Other Relative Adoptions.2.3.5 The Welfare Principle, the Blood Link and Family Adoptions -- 2.4 Agency Adoption -- 2.4.1 Trends in Annual Orders -- 2.4.2 Voluntary Society Adoptions -- 2.4.3 Child Care Adoptions -- 2.4.4 The Welfare Principle and Agency Adoptions -- 2.5 Intercountry Adoptions -- 2.5.1 Trends in Annual Orders -- 2.5.2 Transracial Adoptions -- 2.5.3 The Welfare Principle and Intercountry Adoptions -- 2.6 A Coherent Legal Model for Adoption Practice -- 2.6.1 Classification of Adoption by Type -- 2.6.2 Social Role -- 2.6.3 Legal Functions -- 2.7 Conclusion -- Part IIDeveloping International Benchmarks for Modern Adoption Law -- 3 The Legal Functions of Adoption -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Regulating the Adoption Process -- 3.2.1 The Adoption Process -- 3.2.2 Role of the Judiciary or Other Determining Body -- 3.2.3 Role of Administrative Agencies -- 3.3 Thresholds for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria -- 3.3.1 The Child -- 3.3.2 The Birth Parent/s -- 3.3.3 The Adopters -- 3.4 Pre-placement Counselling -- 3.4.1 The Birth Parent/s -- 3.4.2 The Child -- 3.4.3 The Adopters -- 3.5 Placement Rights and Responsibilities -- 3.5.1 Placement Decision -- 3.5.2 Placement Supervision -- 3.6 The Hearing and Issue of Order/s -- 3.6.1 Where Consent Is Available -- 3.6.2 Where Consent Is Not Available -- 3.6.3 The Orders Available -- 3.7 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process -- 3.7.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child -- 3.8 The Outcome of the Adoption Process -- 3.8.1 Adoption Orders and Third Party Applicants -- 3.8.2 Adoption Orders and First Party Applicants -- 3.8.3 Adoption Orders and Relatives -- 3.8.4 Other Orders -- 3.9 The Effect of an Adoption Order -- 3.9.1 Effect on the Child -- 3.9.2 Effect on the Birth Parent/s -- 3.9.3 Effect on the Adopters -- 3.10 Post-adoption Support Services -- 3.10.1 Child Care and Protection Adoptions.3.11 Information Disclosure, Tracing and Re-unification Services -- 3.11.1 Information Rights -- 3.11.2 Information Disclosure Duties -- 3.11.3 Tracing and Re-unification Services -- 3.12 Adoption Within Family Law -- 3.12.1 Adoption in Its Traditional Family Law Context -- 3.12.2 Adoption in the Context of Modern Public Law Proceedings -- 3.12.3 Adoption in the Context of Modern Private Law Proceedings -- 3.12.4 Adoption and Contemporary Family Law Principles -- 3.13 Conclusion -- 4 Adoption, the Conventions and the European Court of Human Rights -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 International Bodies with a Brief for Adoption Policy -- 4.2.1 The European Parliament -- 4.2.2 The Council of Europe -- 4.2.3 The United Nations -- 4.3 International Courts, Regulatory Bodies Etc. -- 4.3.1 The European Court of Justice (CJEU) -- 4.3.2 The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) -- 4.3.3 The Human Rights Committee (HRC) -- 4.3.4 Human Rights Commissions -- 4.3.5 Other -- 4.4 International Treaties, Conventions and Protocols Etc. -- 4.4.1 The European Convention on the Adoption of Children 2008 -- 4.4.2 Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution, and Child Pornography 2000 (Sex Trafficking Protocol) 2000 -- 4.4.3 The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption 1993 -- 4.4.4 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 -- 4.4.5 The Hague Convention on Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction -- 4.4.6 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) -- 4.4.7 The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 and Rulings of the ECtHR.4.4.8 Declaration on Social and Legal Principles Relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally 1986 -- 4.4.9 The European Convention on the Adoption of Children 1967 -- 4.4.10 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 -- 4.5 Conclusion -- 5 Intercountry Adoption and the Hague Convention -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Definitions -- 5.2.1 Full and Simple Adoptions -- 5.2.2 Intercountry Adoption -- 5.2.3 Overseas Adoption -- 5.3 Background -- 5.3.1 Needs -- 5.3.2 The Countries -- 5.4 The Law: Developments Leading to an International Framework -- 5.4.1 The Common Law -- 5.4.2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 -- 5.4.3 The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms 1950 -- 5.4.4 The Hague Convention on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law and Recognition of Decrees Relating to Adoption 1965 -- 5.4.5 The European Convention on the Adoption of Children 1967 -- 5.4.6 Declaration on Social and Legal Principles Relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally 1986 -- 5.4.7 The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 -- 5.4.8 The Hague Conference on Private International Law -- 5.5 Contemporary Intercountry Adoption: Policy and Principles -- 5.5.1 A Controversial Policy -- 5.5.2 Some Guiding Principles -- 5.6 Contemporary Intercountry Adoption Law -- 5.6.1 The Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption 1993 -- 5.6.2 The Hague Convention: Administrative Bodies -- 5.6.3 The Hague Convention: Procedures -- 5.6.4 The Hague Convention: Outcomes -- 5.6.5 The Hague Convention Adoption Process: Legal Effects -- 5.6.6 The Hague Convention: Limitations -- 5.6.7 Brussels II.5.6.8 The Council of Europe -- 5.6.9 The European Convention on the Adoption of Children (Revised) 2008 -- 5.6.10 The United Nations Guidelines for the Alternative Care of Children 2009 -- 5.7 Contemporary Intercountry Adoption Practice -- 5.7.1 An Overview: The Trends -- 5.7.2 Sending Countries -- 5.7.3 Receiving Countries -- 5.7.4 Some Issues in Contemporary Practice -- 5.8 Conclusion -- Part IIIContemporary Law, Policy and Practice in a Common Law Context -- 6 England and Wales -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Background -- 6.2.1 The Social Context Giving Rise to Adoption -- 6.2.2 Resulting Trends in Types of Adoption -- 6.3 Overview of Principles, Policy and Law -- 6.3.1 Adoption Principles and Policy -- 6.3.2 Contemporary Adoption Related Legislation -- 6.3.3 International Law -- 6.4 Regulating the Adoption Process -- 6.4.1 The Process -- 6.4.2 Role of Adoption Agencies and Other Administrative Bodies -- 6.4.3 Role of the Determining Body -- 6.4.4 The Registrar General -- 6.4.5 Other -- 6.5 Threshold for Entering the Adoption Process: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria -- 6.5.1 The Child -- 6.5.2 The Birth Parent/s -- 6.5.3 The Adopters: Eligibility and Suitability Criteria -- 6.6 Pre-placement Counselling -- 6.6.1 Wishes, Welfare and Safety of the Child -- 6.7 Placement Rights and Responsibilities -- 6.7.1 Authority to Place -- 6.7.2 Placement Supervision -- 6.8 The Hearing -- 6.8.1 Where Consent Is Available -- 6.8.2 Where Consent Is Not Available -- 6.9 Thresholds for Exiting the Adoption Process -- 6.9.1 The Welfare Interests of the Child -- 6.9.2 Representing the Child's Welfare Interests -- 6.10 The Outcome of the Adoption Process -- 6.10.1 Adoption Order -- 6.10.2 Alternative Orders -- 6.11 The Effect of an Adoption Order -- 6.11.1 The Child -- 6.11.2 The Birth Parent/s -- 6.11.3 The Adopters -- 6.11.4 Revocation of an Adoption Order.6.12 Post-adoption Support Services.Ius gentium (Dordrecht, Netherlands) ;Volume 86.AdoptionLaw and legislationIntercountry adoptionLaw and legislationAdoptionGovernment policyAdoptionLaw and legislation.Intercountry adoptionLaw and legislation.AdoptionGovernment policy.346.0178O'Halloran Kerry555172MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910483009803321The politics of adoption1906512UNINA