04035nam 2200721 450 991046446210332120200520144314.00-262-29489-30-262-29520-2(CKB)3410000000002138(EBL)4660583(SSID)ssj0000818743(PQKBManifestationID)12336627(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000818743(PQKBWorkID)10841831(PQKB)10438403(StDuBDS)EDZ0000131026(MiAaPQ)EBC4660583(OCoLC)865565282(MdBmJHUP)muse24501(OCoLC)865565282(OCoLC)1055372727(OCoLC)1066559787(OCoLC)1081209665(OCoLC-P)865565282(MaCbMITP)7531(Au-PeEL)EBL4660583(CaPaEBR)ebr11252762(EXLCZ)99341000000000213820160915h20112011 uy 0engur|n|---|||||txtccrComing clean information disclosure and environmental performance /Michael E. Kraft, Mark Stephan, and Troy D. AbelCambridge, Massachusetts ;London, England :The MIT Press,2011.©20111 online resource (264 p.)American and Comparative Environmental PolicyDescription based upon print version of record.0-262-51557-1 0-262-01495-5 Includes bibliographical references and index.Information disclosure and environmental performance -- How does information disclosure work? -- Reducing toxic releases and community risks -- States of green : regional variations in environmental performance -- Facility-level perspectives on the TRI and environmental performance -- Environmental leaders and laggards : explaining performance -- Conclusions and policy implications."Coming Clean is the first book to investigate the process of information disclosure as a policy strategy for environmental protection. This process, which requires that firms disclose information about their environmental performance, is part of an approach to environmental protection that eschews the conventional command-and-control regulatory apparatus, which sometimes leads government and industry to focus on meeting only minimal standards. The authors of Coming Clean examine the effectiveness of information disclosure in achieving actual improvements in corporate environmental performance by analyzing data from the federal government's Toxics Release Inventory, or TRI, and drawing on an original set of survey data from corporations and federal, state, and local officials, among other sources.The authors find that TRI - probably the best-known example of information disclosure - has had a substantial effect over time on the environmental performance of industry. But, drawing on case studies from across the nation, they show that the improvement is not uniform: some facilities have been leaders while others have been laggards. The authors argue that information disclosure has an important role to play in environmental policy--but only as part of an integrated set of policy tools that includes conventional regulation."--Pub. desc.American and comparative environmental policy.Environmental policyUnited StatesDecision makingEnvironmental reportingUnited StatesDisclosure of informationUnited StatesElectronic books.Environmental policyDecision making.Environmental reportingDisclosure of information333.71/4Kraft Michael E.1028903Stephan MarkAbel Troy D.MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910464462103321Coming clean2445079UNINA07168nam 22007095 450 991041611860332120250628110028.03-030-51110-310.1007/978-3-030-51110-4(CKB)4100000011384197(DE-He213)978-3-030-51110-4(MiAaPQ)EBC6305149(Au-PeEL)EBL6305149(OCoLC)1243549526(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/35187(ODN)ODN0010066958(oapen)doab35187(EXLCZ)99410000001138419720200811d2021 u| 0engurnn#008mamaatxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierAn Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI /by Christoph Bartneck, Christoph Lütge, Alan Wagner, Sean Welsh1st ed. 2021.Springer Nature2021Cham :Springer International Publishing :Imprint: Springer,2021.1 online resource (XI, 117 p. 18 illus. in color.)SpringerBriefs in Ethics,2211-81013-030-51109-X Intro -- Contents -- List of Figures -- 1 About the Book -- 1.1 Authors -- 1.2 Structure of the Book -- 2 What Is AI? -- 2.1 Introduction to AI -- 2.1.1 The Turing Test -- 2.1.2 Strong and Weak AI -- 2.1.3 Types of AI Systems -- 2.2 What Is Machine Learning? -- 2.3 What Is a Robot? -- 2.3.1 Sense-Plan-Act -- 2.3.2 System Integration. Necessary but Difficult -- 2.4 What Is Hard for AI -- 2.5 Science and Fiction of AI -- 3 What Is Ethics? -- 3.1 Descriptive Ethics -- 3.2 Normative Ethics -- 3.2.1 Deontological Ethics -- 3.2.2 Consequentialist Ethics -- 3.2.3 Virtue Ethics -- 3.3 Meta-ethics -- 3.4 Applied Ethics -- 3.5 Relationship Between Ethics and Law -- 3.6 Machine Ethics -- 3.6.1 Machine Ethics Examples -- 3.6.2 Moral Diversity and Testing -- 4 Trust and Fairness in AI Systems -- 4.1 User Acceptance and Trust -- 4.2 Functional Elements of Trust -- 4.3 Ethical Principles for Trustworthy and Fair AI -- 4.3.1 Non-maleficence -- 4.3.2 Beneficence -- 4.3.3 Autonomy -- 4.3.4 Justice -- 4.3.5 Explicability -- 4.4 Conclusion -- 5 Responsibility and Liability in the Case of AI Systems -- 5.1 Example 1: Crash of an Autonomous Vehicle -- 5.2 Example 2: Mistargeting by an Autonomous Weapon -- 5.2.1 Attribution of Responsibility and Liability -- 5.2.2 Moral Responsibility Versus Liability -- 5.3 Strict Liability -- 5.4 Complex Liability: The Problem of Many Hands -- 5.5 Consequences of Liability: Sanctions -- 6 Risks in the Business of AI -- 6.1 General Business Risks -- 6.1.1 Functional Risk -- 6.1.2 Systemic Risk -- 6.1.3 Risk of Fraud -- 6.1.4 Safety Risk -- 6.2 Ethical Risks of AI -- 6.2.1 Reputational Risk -- 6.2.2 Legal Risk -- 6.2.3 Environmental Risk -- 6.2.4 Social Risk -- 6.3 Managing Risk of AI -- 6.4 Business Ethics for AI Companies -- 6.5 Risks of AI to Workers -- 7 Psychological Aspects of AI -- 7.1 Problems of Anthropomorphisation.7.1.1 Misplaced Feelings Towards AI -- 7.1.2 Misplaced Trust in AI -- 7.2 Persuasive AI -- 7.3 Unidirectional Emotional Bonding with AI -- 8 Privacy Issues of AI -- 8.1 What Is Privacy? -- 8.2 Why AI Needs Data -- 8.3 Private Data Collection and Its Dangers -- 8.3.1 Persistence Surveillance -- 8.3.2 Usage of Private Data for Non-intended Purposes -- 8.3.3 Auto Insurance Discrimination -- 8.3.4 The Chinese Social Credit System -- 8.4 Future Perspectives -- 9 Application Areas of AI -- 9.1 Ethical Issues Related to AI Enhancement -- 9.1.1 Restoration Versus Enhancement -- 9.1.2 Enhancement for the Purpose of Competition -- 9.2 Ethical Issues Related to Robots and Healthcare -- 9.3 Robots and Telemedicine -- 9.3.1 Older Adults and Social Isolation -- 9.3.2 Nudging -- 9.3.3 Psychological Care -- 9.3.4 Exoskeletons -- 9.3.5 Quality of Care -- 9.4 Education -- 9.4.1 AI in Educational Administrative Support -- 9.4.2 Teaching -- 9.4.3 Forecasting Students' Performance -- 9.5 Sex Robots -- 10 Autonomous Vehicles -- 10.1 Levels of Autonomous Driving -- 10.2 Current Situation -- 10.3 Ethical Benefits of AVs -- 10.4 Accidents with AVs -- 10.5 Ethical Guidelines for AVs -- 10.6 Ethical Questions in AVs -- 10.6.1 Accountability and Liability -- 10.6.2 Situations of Unavoidable Accidents -- 10.6.3 Privacy Issues -- 10.6.4 Security -- 10.6.5 Appropriate Design of Human-Machine Interface -- 10.6.6 Machine Learning -- 10.6.7 Manually Overruling the System? -- 10.6.8 Possible Ethical Questions in Future Scenarios -- 11 Military Uses of AI -- 11.1 Definitions -- 11.2 The Use of Autonomous Weapons Systems -- 11.2.1 Discrimination -- 11.2.2 Proportionality -- 11.2.3 Responsibility -- 11.3 Regulations Governing an AWS -- 11.4 Ethical Arguments for and Against AI for Military Purposes -- 11.4.1 Arguments in Favour -- 11.4.2 Arguments Against -- 11.5 Conclusion.12 Ethics in AI and Robotics: A Strategic Challenge -- 12.1 The Role of Ethics -- 12.2 International Cooperation -- Appendix References -- -- Index.This open access book introduces the reader to the foundations of AI and ethics. It discusses issues of trust, responsibility, liability, privacy and risk. It focuses on the interaction between people and the AI systems and Robotics they use. Designed to be accessible for a broad audience, reading this book does not require prerequisite technical, legal or philosophical expertise. Throughout, the authors use examples to illustrate the issues at hand and conclude the book with a discussion on the application areas of AI and Robotics, in particular autonomous vehicles, automatic weapon systems and biased algorithms. A list of questions and further readings is also included for students willing to explore the topic further.SpringerBriefs in Ethics,2211-8101Engineering ethicsRoboticsPsychology, AppliedEngineering Ethicshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/E14030Roboticshttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I21050Applied Psychologyhttps://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/Y20210Engineering ethics.Robotics.Psychology, Applied.Engineering Ethics.Robotics.Applied Psychology.601174.90063PHI005000PSY003000TEC037000bisacshBartneck Christoph1973-authttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/aut1650428Lütge Christophauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/autWagner Alanauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/autWelsh Seanauthttp://id.loc.gov/vocabulary/relators/autMiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910416118603321An Introduction to Ethics in Robotics and AI3999802UNINA