03340nam 2200637 450 991046400420332120201003005119.01-4623-6387-31-4519-8628-91-4518-6996-797866128408901-282-84089-4(CKB)3170000000055041(EBL)1605819(SSID)ssj0000944034(PQKBManifestationID)11595727(PQKBTitleCode)TC0000944034(PQKBWorkID)10983803(PQKB)10156990(OCoLC)276784126(MiAaPQ)EBC1605819(EXLCZ)99317000000005504120140225h20082008 uy 0engtxtccrFiscal positions in Latin America have they really improved? /Ivanna Vladkova-Hollar and Jeromin Zettelmeyer[Washington, District of Columbia] :International Monetary Fund,2008.©20081 online resource (32 p.)IMF Working PapersDescription based upon print version of record.1-4519-1449-0 Includes bibliographical references.Contents; I. Introduction; Tables; 1. Latin America: Fiscal Developments; II. Methodology; A. Noncommodity Structural Revenue; B. Commodity Structural Revenue; C. Structural Balances; III. Results; A. Parameter Estimates and Statistical Tests; 2. Long-Run Income Elasticity of Central Government Tax Revenues; B. Structural Noncommodity Revenues; Figures; 1. Actual and Structural Noncommodity Revenues; C. Structural Commodity Revenues; D. Structural Primary Balances; 2. Actual and Structural Commodity Revenues; 3. Actual and Estimated Structural Primary Balances; IV. Conclusion; ReferencesAppendices1. Revenue Data and Changes in Tax Structure; 2. Output Gap Estimates; Appendix Tables; A1. LAC Countries: Filter-Based Output Gap Estimates for 2007; 3. Commodity Price Indices and Projections; A2. Commodity Export Shares; A3. Commodity Price Indices and Medium Term ProjectionsFiscal performance in Latin America looks much improved this decade compared to the 1980's or 1990's. Is this a ""structural"" improvement or likely to be transitory? This paper answers this question by estimating the relationship between non-commodity revenue and the economic cycle, and evaluating commodity revenues using alternative medium term commodity price projections. The main result is that structural revenues have indeed improved as a share of GDP, and structural primary balances are currently in surplus in many Latin American countries. However, the magnitude of these improvementsIMF Working PapersRevenueLatin AmericaBusiness cyclesLatin AmericaFiscal policyLatin AmericaElectronic books.RevenueBusiness cyclesFiscal policy336.02Vladkova Hollar Ivanna862001Zettelmeyer Jeromin862002MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910464004203321Fiscal positions in Latin America1924027UNINA10693nam 2200517 450 991052378630332120220609155938.03-030-75742-0(CKB)4100000012009147(MiAaPQ)EBC6713238(Au-PeEL)EBL6713238(OCoLC)1265464461(PPN)257356223(EXLCZ)99410000001200914720220609d2022 uy 0engurcnu||||||||txtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierSignals and systems /S. PalaniSecond edition.Cham, Switzerland :Springer,[2022]©20221 online resource (1093 pages)3-030-75741-2 Includes bibliographical references and index.Intro -- Preface to Second Edition -- Preface to First Edition -- The notable features of this book includes the following: -- Contents -- About the Author -- 1 Representation of Signals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Terminologies Related to Signals and Systems -- 1.2.1 Signal -- 1.2.2 System -- 1.3 Continuous and Discrete Time Signals -- 1.4 Basic Continuous Time Signals -- 1.4.1 Unit Impulse Function -- 1.4.2 Unit Step Function -- 1.4.3 Unit Ramp Function -- 1.4.4 Unit Parabolic Function -- 1.4.5 Unit Rectangular Pulse (or Gate) Function -- 1.4.6 Unit Area Triangular Function -- 1.4.7 Unit Signum Function -- 1.4.8 Unit Sinc Function -- 1.4.9 Sinusoidal Signal -- 1.4.10 Real Exponential Signal -- 1.4.11 Complex Exponential Signal -- 1.5 Basic Discrete Time Signals -- 1.5.1 The Unit Impulse Sequence -- 1.5.2 The Basic Unit Step Sequence -- 1.5.3 The Basic Unit Ramp Sequence -- 1.5.4 Unit Rectangular Sequence -- 1.5.5 Sinusoidal Sequence -- 1.5.6 Discrete Time Real Exponential Sequence -- 1.6 Basic Operations on Continuous Time Signals -- 1.6.1 Addition of CT Signals -- 1.6.2 Multiplications of CT Signals -- 1.6.3 Amplitude Scaling of CT Signals -- 1.6.4 Time Scaling of CT Signals -- 1.6.5 Time Shifting of CT Signals -- 1.6.6 Signal Reflection or Folding -- 1.6.7 Inverted CT Signal -- 1.6.8 Multiple Transformation -- 1.7 Basic Operations on Discrete Time Signals -- 1.7.1 Addition of Discrete Time Sequence -- 1.7.2 Multiplication of DT Signals -- 1.7.3 Amplitude Scaling of DT Signal -- 1.7.4 Time Scaling of DT Signal -- 1.7.5 Time Shifting of DT Signal -- 1.7.6 Multiple Transformation -- 1.8 Classification of Signals -- 1.8.1 Deterministic and Non-deterministic Continuous Signals -- 1.8.2 Periodic and Non-periodic Continuous Signals -- 1.8.3 Fundamental Period of Two Periodic Signals -- 1.8.4 Odd and Even Functions of Continuous Time Signals.1.8.5 Energy and Power of Continuous Time Signals -- 1.9 Classification of Discrete Time Signals -- 1.9.1 Periodic and Non-Periodic DT Signals -- 1.9.2 Odd and Even DT Signals -- 1.9.3 Energy and Power of DT Signals -- 2 Continuous and Discrete Time Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Linear Time Invariant Continuous (LTIC) Time System -- 2.3 Linear Time Invariant Discrete (LTID) Time System -- 2.4 Properties (Classification) of Continuous Time System -- 2.4.1 Linear and Non-linear Systems -- 2.4.2 Time Invariant and Time Varying Systems -- 2.4.3 Static and Dynamic Systems (Memoryless and System with Memory) -- 2.4.4 Causal and Non-causal Systems -- 2.4.5 Stable and Unstable Systems -- 2.4.6 Invertibility and Inverse System -- 2.5 Discrete Time System -- 2.6 Properties of Discrete Time System -- 2.6.1 Linear and Non-linear Systems -- 2.6.2 Time Invariant and Time Varying DT Systems -- 2.6.3 Causal and Non-causal DT Systems -- 2.6.4 Stable and Unstable Systems -- 2.6.5 Static and Dynamic Systems -- 2.6.6 Invertible and Inverse Discrete Time Systems -- 3 Time Domain Analysis of Continuous and Discrete Time Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Time Response of Continuous Time System -- 3.3 The Unit Impulse Response -- 3.4 Unit Impulse Response and the Convolution Integral -- 3.5 Step by Step Procedure to Solve Convolution -- 3.6 Properties of Convolution -- 3.6.1 The Commutative Property -- 3.6.2 The Distributive Property -- 3.6.3 The Associative Property -- 3.6.4 The Shift Property -- 3.6.5 The Width Property -- 3.7 Analytical Method of Convolution Operation -- 3.7.1 Convolution Operation of Non-causal Signals -- 3.8 Causality of an Linear Time Invariant Continuous Time System -- 3.9 Stability of a Linear Time Invariant System -- 3.10 Step Response from Impulse Response -- 3.11 Representation of Discrete Time Signals in Terms of Impulses.3.12 The Discrete Time Unit Impulse Response -- 3.13 The Convolution Sum -- 3.14 Properties of Convolution Sum -- 3.14.1 Distributive Property -- 3.14.2 Associative Property of Convolution -- 3.14.3 Commutative Property of Convolution -- 3.14.4 Shifting Property of Convolution -- 3.14.5 The Width Property of Convolution -- 3.14.6 Convolution with an Impulse -- 3.14.7 Convolution with Delayed Impulse -- 3.14.8 Convolution with Unit Step -- 3.14.9 Convolution with Delayed Step -- 3.14.10 System Causality from Convolution -- 3.14.11 BIBO Stability from Convolution -- 3.14.12 Step Response in Terms of Impulse Response of a LTDT System -- 3.15 Response Using Convolution Sum -- 3.15.1 Analytical Method Using Convolution Sum -- 3.15.2 Convolution Sum of Two Sequences by Multiplication Method -- 3.15.3 Convolution Sum by Tabulation Method -- 3.15.4 Convolution Sum of Two Sequences by Matrix Method -- 3.16 Convolution Sum by Graphical Method -- 3.17 Deconvolution -- 3.18 Step Response of the System -- 3.19 Stability from Impulse Response -- 3.20 System Causality -- 4 Fourier Series Analysis of Continuous Time Signals -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Periodic Signal Representation by Fourier Series -- 4.3 Different Forms of Fourier Series Representation -- 4.3.1 Trigonometric Fourier Series -- 4.3.2 Complex Exponential Fourier Series -- 4.3.3 Polar or Harmonic Form Fourier Series -- 4.4 Properties of Fourier Series -- 4.4.1 Linearity -- 4.4.2 Time Shifting Property -- 4.4.3 Time Reversal Property -- 4.4.4 Time Scaling Property -- 4.4.5 Multiplication Property -- 4.4.6 Conjugation Property -- 4.4.7 Differentiation Property -- 4.4.8 Integration Property -- 4.4.9 Parseval's Theorem -- 4.5 Existence of Fourier Series-the Dirichlet Conditions -- 4.6 Convergence of Continuous Time Fourier Series -- 4.7 Fourier Series Spectrum.5 Fourier Series Analysis of Discrete Time Signals -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Periodicity of Discrete Time Signal -- 5.3 DT Signal Representation by Fourier Series -- 5.4 Fourier Spectra of x[n] -- 5.5 Properties of Discrete Time Fourier Series -- 5.5.1 Linearity Property -- 5.5.2 Time Shifting Property -- 5.5.3 Time Reversal Property -- 5.5.4 Multiplication Property -- 5.5.5 Conjugation Property -- 5.5.6 Difference Property -- 5.5.7 Parseval's Theorem -- 6 Fourier Transform Analysis of Continuous Time Signals -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Representation of Aperiodic Signal by Fourier Integral-The Fourier Transform -- 6.3 Convergence of Fourier Transforms-The Dirichlet Conditions -- 6.4 Fourier Spectra -- 6.5 Connection Between the Fourier Transform and Laplace Transform -- 6.6 Properties of Fourier Transform -- 6.6.1 Linearity -- 6.6.2 Time Shifting -- 6.6.3 Conjugation and Conjugation Symmetry -- 6.6.4 Differentiation in Time -- 6.6.5 Differentiation in Frequency -- 6.6.6 Time Integration -- 6.6.7 Time Scaling -- 6.6.8 Frequency Shifting -- 6.6.9 Duality -- 6.6.10 The Convolution -- 6.6.11 Parseval's Theorem (Relation) -- 6.7 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signal -- 6.7.1 Fourier Transform Using Differentiation and Integration Properties -- 7 Fourier Transform Analysis of Discrete Time Signals and Systems-DTFT, DFT and FFT -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Representation of Discrete Time Aperiodic Signals -- 7.3 Connection Between the Fourier Transform and the z-Transform -- 7.4 Properties of Discrete Time Fourier Transform -- 7.4.1 Linearity -- 7.4.2 Time Shifting Property -- 7.4.3 Frequency Shifting -- 7.4.4 Time Reversal -- 7.4.5 Time Scaling -- 7.4.6 Multiplication by n -- 7.4.7 Conjugation -- 7.4.8 Time Convolution -- 7.4.9 Parseval's Theorem -- 7.4.10 Modulation Property -- 7.5 Inverse Discrete Time Fourier Transform (IDTFT).7.6 LTI System Characterized by Difference Equation -- 7.7 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) -- 7.7.1 The Discrete Fourier Transform Pairs -- 7.7.2 Four Point, Six Point and Eight Point Twiddle Factors -- 7.7.3 Zero Padding -- 7.8 Properties of DFT -- 7.8.1 Periodicity -- 7.8.2 Linearity -- 7.8.3 Complex Conjugate Symmetry -- 7.8.4 Circular Time Shifting -- 7.8.5 Circular Frequency Shifting -- 7.8.6 Circular Correlation -- 7.8.7 Multiplication of Two DFTs -- 7.8.8 Parseval's Theorem -- 7.9 Circular Convolution -- 7.9.1 Circular Convolution-Circle Method -- 7.9.2 Circular Convolution-Matrix Multiplication Method -- 7.9.3 Circular Convolution-DFT-IDFT Method -- 7.10 Fast Fourier Transform -- 7.10.1 FFT Algorithm-Decimation in Time -- 7.10.2 FFT Algorithm-Decimation in Frequency -- 8 The Laplace Transform Method for the Analysis of Continuous Time Signals and Systems -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Definition and Derivations of the LT -- 8.2.1 LT of Causal and Non-causal Systems -- 8.3 The Existence of LT -- 8.4 The Region of Convergence -- 8.4.1 Properties of ROCs for LT -- 8.5 The Unilateral Laplace Transform -- 8.6 Properties of Laplace Transform -- 8.6.1 Linearity -- 8.6.2 Time Shifting -- 8.6.3 Frequency Shifting -- 8.6.4 Time Scaling -- 8.6.5 Frequency Scaling -- 8.6.6 Time Differentiation -- 8.6.7 Time Integration -- 8.6.8 Time Convolution -- 8.6.9 Complex Frequency Differentiation -- 8.6.10 Complex Frequency Shifting -- 8.6.11 Conjugation Property -- 8.6.12 Initial Value Theorem -- 8.6.13 Final Value Theorem -- 8.7 Laplace Transform of Periodic Signal -- 8.8 Inverse Laplace Transform -- 8.8.1 Graphical Method of Determining the Residues -- 8.9 Solving Differential Equation -- 8.9.1 Solving Differential Equation without Initial Conditions -- 8.9.2 Solving Differential Equation with the Initial Conditions -- 8.9.3 Zero Input and Zero State Response.8.9.4 Natural and Forced Response Using LT.Signal theory (Telecommunication)System analysisSignal theory (Telecommunication)System analysis.621.38223Palani S1078759MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910523786303321Signals and Systems2591207UNINA