06616nam 2200589Ia 450 991046199070332120211202210520.03-11-090160-910.1515/9783110901603(CKB)2670000000250852(EBL)3041849(MiAaPQ)EBC3041849(DE-B1597)54312(OCoLC)979785136(DE-B1597)9783110901603(Au-PeEL)EBL3041849(CaPaEBR)ebr10597586(OCoLC)922944943(EXLCZ)99267000000025085219880205d1989 uy 0engurnn#---|u||utxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierInternational crimes of state[electronic resource] a critical analysis of the ILC's Draft Article 19 on State Responsibility /edited by Joseph H.H. Weiler, Antonio Cassese, Marina SpinediReprint 2011Berlin ;New York De Gruyter19891 online resource (380 p.)Series A--Law =Droit ;10Based on the proceedings of the Conference on Crimes of State, organized by the European University Institute and the University of Florence, and held at the European University Institute, Oct. 1984.3-11-011619-7 Includes bibliographical references.Front matter --Preface /Maihofer, Werner --Table of Contents --List of Contributors --Introduction /WEILER, JOSEPH / CASSESE, ANTONIO / SPINEDI, MARINA --Part I. Crimes of State: The Legislative History --International Crimes of State. The Legislative History /SPINEDI, MARINA --Part II. Crimes of State: The Problems Revisited --The Concept of "International Crimes" and its Place in Contemporary International Law /ABI-SAAB, GEORGES --Obligations Erga Omnes, International Crimes and Jus Cogens: A Tentative Analysis of Three Related Concepts /GAJA, GIORGIO --International Crimes - A Specific Regime of International Responsibility of States and its Legal Consequences /GRAEFRATH, BERNHARD --Implications of the Institutionalization of International Crimes of States /DUPUY, PIERRE-MARIE --Part III. Crimes of State: A General Discussion --Introduction to the Debate /ELIAS, T. O. / JUDGE, H. E. --General Discussion --Observations on "Crimes of States" /STEIN, TED L. --Remarks on the Present Legal Regulation of Crimes of States /CASSESE, A. --Some Comments on State Crimes and Lex Lata /BOKOR-SZEGO, H. --Remarks on Some Classes of Crimes by States /AGO, R. --State Crimes and Lex Lata /SETTE CAMARA, J. --On Defining the Concept /ABI-SAAB, G. --Responsibility and State Crimes /ALDRICH, G . --The Concept of Crimes of States: Evolution, Operation and Codification /BENNOUNA, M. --Remarks on Deficient Drafting of Article 19 /STEIN, Ε. --State Responsibility and the Concept of Crimes of States /SINCLAIR, IAN --Lex Lata: Is there already a Differentiated Regime of State Responsibility in the Geneva Conventions? /MERON, T. --Critical Remarks on the Applicability of the Concept of Crimes of States to Humanitarian Law /CASSESE, Α. --The Continuity between certain Principles of Humanitarian Law and the Concept of Crimes of States /CONDORELLI, L. --Obligations Erga Omnes and the International Community /AGO, R. --Short Comments on the Concept of Crimes of States and Some Related Notions /BOKOR-SZEGO, H. --Jus Cogens and Crimes of State /JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA, Ε. --State Responsibility: Lex Ferenda and Crimes of State /SINCLAIR, IAN --Lex Lata or the Continuum of State Responsibility /MCCAFFREY, S. --Convergences and Divergencies on the Legal Consequences of International Crimes of States: With Whom Should Lie the Right of Response? /SPINEDI, M. --The Objectives of a New Regime and the Means for Accomplishment /MCCAFFREY, S. --Critical Observations on Crimes of State and the Notion of "International Community as a Whole" /De FIUMEL, H. --The Concept of "International Community as a Whole": A Guarantee to the Notion of State Crimes /AGO, R. --On the Reaction of the "International Community as a Whole": A Perspective of Survival /GRAEFRATH, B. --Crimes of State, Ius Standi, and Third States /JIMÉNEZ DE ARÉCHAGA, E. --State Crimes Implementation Problems: Who Reacts? /SINCLAIR, IAN --The Need to Abolish the Concept of Punishment /DOMINICÉ, C. --Crimes of State: The Concept and Response /RIPHAGEN, W. --Legal Questions Relating to the Consequences of International Crimes /DOMINICÉ, C. --Some Short Remarks: Consequences and Terminology /SETTE CAMARA, J. --Measures Available to Third States Reacting to Crimes of State /CONDORELLI, L. --The Institutional Framework /CONFORTI, B. --Part IV. Crimes of State: General Overviews of the Debate --Problems and Issues Raised by Crimes of States: An Overview /TORRES BERNARDEZ, S. --The Need to Better Clarify the Concept of Crimes of States /THIAM, D. --Part V. Crimes of State: Part Two of the ILC Work on State Responsibility --International Crimes: Injury and Countermeasures. Comments on Part 2 of the ILC Work on State Responsibility /SIMMA, BRUNO --Part VI. Crimes of State: Conclusions --On Prophets and Judges. Some Personal Reflections on State Responsibility and Crimes of State. Concluding Remarks to the Florence Conference on State Responsibility /WEILER, JOSEPH H. H. --Part VII. Crimes of State: Bibliography --International Crimes of State. Bibliography 1946-1984 /SPINEDI, MARINA --Part VIII. Crimes of State: Annexes --I. Draft Articles on State Responsibility Adopted So Far by the International Law Commission --II. Draft Articles on State Responsibility Submitted by Special Rapporteur RiphagenSeries A--Law ;10.International crimesCongressesGovernment liability (International law)CongressesElectronic books.International crimesGovernment liability (International law)341.7/7Weiler Joseph1951-145316Cassese Antonio147883Spinedi Marina280853Conference on Crimes of State(1984 :European University Institute)MiAaPQMiAaPQMiAaPQBOOK9910461990703321International crimes of state2471172UNINA04682nam 2200493z- 450 991026113930332120210211(CKB)4100000002484699(oapen)https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/52078(oapen)doab52078(oapen)52078(EXLCZ)99410000000248469920202102d2017 |y 0engurmn|---annantxtrdacontentcrdamediacrrdacarrierLymphocytes in MS and EAE: More than just a CD4+ WorldFrontiers Media SA20171 online resource (160 p.)Frontiers Research Topics2-88945-302-2 Multiple sclerosis is degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) in which myelin destruction and axon loss leads to the accumulation of physical, cognitive, and mental deficits. MS affects more than a million people worldwide and managing this chronic disease presents a significant health challenge. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that MS is an autoimmune disorder in which immune cells launch an inflammatory attack targeting myelin antigens. Indeed, myelin-reactive T cells and antibodies have been identified in MS patients and in animal models (namely experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, or EAE) that recapitulate many features of human disease. Animal model studies have demonstrated that T cells are both necessary and sufficient to initiate and sustain CNS autoimmunity. However, most MS animal models rely on the role played by CD4+ T cells and partially replicate the multiple aspects of MS pathogenesis. Thus, research in the past has focused heavily on the contribution of CD4+ T cells to the disease process; searching PubMed for "MS AND CD4" yields twice the results as corresponding searches for "CD8" or "B cell" and four times that for "NK cells". While CD4+ T cells may represent the minimum requirement to mediate CNS autoimmunity, it is clear that the immune response underlying human MS is far more complex and involves numerous other immune cells and subsets. This is well illustrated by the observation that MS patients treated with an anti-CD4 depleting antibody did not gain any clinical benefits whereas removal of several lymphocyte subsets using an anti-CD52 depleting antibody has been shown to impede disease progression. In particular, the pathogenic role(s) of non-CD4+ T cell lymphocytes is relatively poorly understood and under-researched, despite evidence that these subsets contribute to disease pathology or regulation. For example, the observed oligoclonal expansion of CD8+ T cells within the CNS compartment supports a local activation. CD8+ T cells with polarized cytolytic granules are seen in close proximity to oligodendrocytes and demyelinated axons in MS tissues. The presence of B cells in inflammatory lesions and antibodies in the CSF have long been recognized as features of MS and Rituximab, a B cell depleting therapy, has been shown to be highly effective to treat MS. Intriguingly, the putative MS therapeutic reagent Daclizumab may function in part through the expansion of a subset of immunoregulatory NK cells. NKT and ?d T cells may also play a role in CNS autoimmunity, given that they respond to lipid antigens and that myelin is lipid-rich. While different animal models recapitulate some of these aspects of human disease, identifying appropriate models and measures to investigate the role of these less well-understood lymphocytes in MS remains a challenge for the field. This Frontiers research topic aims to create a platform for both animal- and human-focused researchers to share their original data, hypotheses, future perspectives and commentaries regarding the role of these less-well understood lymphocyte subsets (CD8+ T cells, B cells, NK cells, NK T cells, ?d T cells) in the pathogenesis of CNS autoimmunity.Lymphocytes in MS and EAEMedicine and NursingbicsscautoimmunityB cellCD8+ T cellcentral nervous systemexperimental autoimmune encephalomyelitisgamma-delta T cellMAIT cellmultiple sclerosisNK cellMedicine and NursingManu Rangachariauth1332406Steven M KerfootauthNathalie ArbourauthJorge I AlvarezauthBOOK9910261139303321Lymphocytes in MS and EAE: More than just a CD4+ World3040948UNINA